Download Get Ready to Read (cont.)

Chapter 8
The Rise of
Rome
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The Rise of Rome
Chapter Introduction
Section 1 Rome’s Beginning
Section 2 The Roman
Republic
Section 3 The Fall of the
Republic
Section 4 The Early Empire
Reading Review
Chapter Assessment
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the corresponding slides.
The Rise of Rome
Chapter Objectives
• Explain how Rome became a republic. 
• Describe how Rome gained control of
the Mediterranean region. 
• Explain how the failure of the republic led
to the creation of a Roman Empire. 
• Relate how military and political reforms
made Rome rich and prosperous.
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Rome’s Beginnings
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
This section describes the beginnings of
Rome, the founding of the republic, and
early conquests.
Rome’s Beginnings
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Geography played an important role in
the rise of Roman civilization. 
• The Romans created a republic and
conquered Italy. By treating people
fairly, they built Rome from a small city
into a great power.
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Rome’s Beginnings
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Locating Places
• Sicily (SIH·suh·lee) 
• Apennines (A·puh·NYNZ) 
• Latium (LAY·shee·uhm) 
• Tiber River (TY·buhr) 
• Etruria (ih·TRUR·ee·uh)
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Rome’s Beginnings
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Meeting People
• Romulus (RAHM·yuh·luhs)

• Remus (REE·muhs) 
• Aeneas (ih·NEE·uhs) 
• Latins (LA·tuhnz) 
• Etruscans (ih·TRUHS·kuhnz)
• Tarquins (TAHR·kwihnz)
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
Rome’s Beginnings
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary
• republic (rih·PUH·blihk) 
• legion (LEE·juhn) 
Reading Strategy
Summarizing Information Use a
diagram like the one on page 262 of your
textbook to show how the Etruscans
affected the development of Rome.
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Rome’s Beginnings
The Origins of Rome
• Italy is a boot-shaped country in the
Mediterranean. 
• The toe of the boot points toward the
island of Sicily. 
• The Alps are mountains at Italy’s
northern border, and the Apennines is a
mountain range that extends through
Italy from north to south. 
• Italy’s terrain was easier to farm than
the terrain of Greece, so Italy could
support more people.
(pages 263–265)
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Rome’s Beginnings
The Origins of Rome (cont.)
• The Latins built the city of Rome on the
plain of Latium. 
• Rome was located in central Italy on the
Tiber River. 
• Two stories tell about Rome’s
beginning: the legend of Remus and
Romulus and the tale of Aeneas and his
Trojan followers.
(pages 263–265)
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Rome’s Beginnings
The Origins of Rome (cont.)
• The Greeks and the Etruscans
influenced the Roman way of life. 
• The Etruscans were skilled metal workers
who helped shape Roman civilization. 
• The Etruscan army was the
model for the Roman army.
(pages 263–265)
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Rome’s Beginnings
The Birth of a Republic
• The Tarquins were leaders of the
Etruscan-ruled Rome. 
• After 100 years under the Tarquins, the
Romans rebelled against Etruscan
rulers. 
• The Romans established a republic. 
• In a republic, the leader is not a king or
queen but someone voted into office by
citizens.
(pages 265–267)
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Rome’s Beginnings
The Birth of a Republic (cont.)
• Rome had a large,
powerful army made up
of excellent, disciplined
soldiers. 
• Roads connected all of
Rome’s military
settlements.
(pages 265–267)
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Rome’s Beginnings
The Birth of a Republic (cont.)
• The Roman Confederation gave full
citizenship to some people, who could
vote and serve in government. 
• Romans gave others
the status of allies,
which meant they
could rule their own
local affairs.
(pages 265–267)
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The Roman Republic
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
This section describes the Roman
Republic’s political development and the
defeat of Carthage.
The Roman Republic
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Rome’s republic was shaped by a
struggle between wealthy landowners
and regular citizens as it gradually
expanded the right to vote. 
• Rome slowly destroyed the Carthaginian
Empire and took control of the entire
Mediterranean region.
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The Roman Republic
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Locating Places
• Carthage (KAHR·thihj) 
• Cannae (KA·nee) 
• Zama (ZAY·muh) 
Meeting People
• Cincinnatus (SIHN·suh·NA·tuhs) 
• Hannibal (HA·nuh·buhl) 
• Scipio (SIH·pee·OH)
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The Roman Republic
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary
• patrician (puh·TRIH·shuhn)
• plebeian (plih·BEE·uhn) 
• consul (KAHN·suhl) 
• veto (VEE·toh) 
• praetor (PREE·tuhr) 
• dictator (DIHK·TAY·tuhr)
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
The Roman Republic
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Categorizing Information Create a chart
like the one on page 268 of your textbook.
List the government officials and
legislative bodies of the Roman Republic.
The Roman Republic
Rome’s Government
• Patricians and plebeians were the two
classes of people in Rome. 
• Top government officials were called
consuls. 
• Another important group of officials
were the praetors. 
• The Senate was the most important
lawmaking body.
(pages 269–273)
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The Roman Republic
Rome’s Government (cont.)
• Another important legislative body was
the Assembly of Centuries. 
• Plebeians challenged the class system
by going on strike. 
• The Romans then allowed the plebeians
to set up their own legislative group
called the Council of the Plebes. 
• Today, a dictator is an oppressive ruler.
(pages 269–273)
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The Roman Republic
Rome’s Government (cont.)
• In the Roman Republic, a dictator was a
person who served the people and ruled
temporarily during emergencies. 
• Cincinnatus, the best-known early
Roman dictator, led an army of men to
defeat a powerful enemy. 
• The Twelve Tables were Rome’s first
code of laws. 
• They were the basis of all future Roman
laws.
(pages 269–273)
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The Roman Republic
Rome’s Government (cont.)
• The Law of Nations was created to
address issues of conquered peoples. 
• The rule of law is the idea that laws
should apply to everyone equally.
(pages 269–273)
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The Roman Republic
Rome Expands
• Carthage, a state on the coast of North
Africa, was a powerful enemy of Rome.

• The First Punic War began as a dispute
between Rome and Carthage over the
island of Sicily. 
• The war continued for 20 years before
Rome won. 
• The Second Punic War began after
Carthage expanded into Spain.
(pages 274–276)
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The Roman Republic
Rome Expands (cont.)
• Rome helped the people of Spain rebel.

• Hannibal was a great Carthaginian
general who fought in the Second Punic
War. 
• At the Battle of Cannae, Hannibal’s
forces overpowered the Romans. 
• The Roman general Scipio led his
forces to defeat the Carthaginians at the
Battle of Zama.
(pages 274–276)
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The Roman Republic
Rome Expands (cont.)
• Rome destroyed Carthage in the Third
Punic War. 
• Rome also took
all of Greece
and Macedonia
and parts of
Africa during
the Punic Wars.
(pages 274–276)
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The Fall of the Republic
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
This section describes the events that led
to the end of the Roman Republic.
The Fall of the Republic
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• The use of enslaved labor hurt farmers,
increased poverty and corruption, and
brought the army into politics. 
• Military hero Julius Caesar seized
power and made reforms. 
• The Roman Republic, weakened by civil
wars, became an empire under
Augustus.
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The Fall of the Republic
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Locating Places
• Rubicon (ROO·bih·KAHN)
• Actium (AK·shee·uhm) 

Meeting People
•
•
•
•
•
Julius Caesar (jool·yuhs SEE·zuhr)
Octavian (ahk·TAY·vee·uhn) 
Antony (AN·tuh·nee) 
Cicero (SIH·suh·ROH) 
Augustus (aw·GUHS·tuhs)
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
The Fall of the Republic
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary
• latifundia (LA·tuh·FUHN·dee·uh)
• triumvirate (try·UHM·vuh·ruht)


Reading Strategy
Finding the Main Idea Complete a chart
like the one on page 277 of your textbook
to identify the main ideas of Section 3 and
supporting details.
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The Fall of the Republic
Trouble in the Republic
• The gap between the rich patricians and
the poor plebeians grew, and farmers
especially suffered. 
• Latifunda were large farming estates
created when wealthy Romans bought
small farms. 
• Farmers
whose land
had been
bought
traveled to
(pages 278–279)
cities to try to find jobs.
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The Fall of the Republic
Trouble in the Republic (cont.)
• Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
were two wealthy brothers who
tried to reform government.
They were killed. 
• Marius, a former military leader,
was appointed counsel and promised
land to poor men if they became
soldiers. 
• Sulla drove Marius out of Rome,
declared himself dictator, and spent three
years reforming government before
(pages 278–279)
resigning from office.
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The Fall of the Republic
Julius Caesar
• A triumvirate is a political alliance of
three people. 
• Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey
formed a triumvirate after Sulla left
office.
(pages 280–281)
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The Fall of the Republic
Julius Caesar (cont.)
• Julius Caesar marched on Rome and
defeated Pompey’s forces after Crassus
died in battle. 
• Caesar declared himself dictator of
Rome for life and made many changes
to Rome. 
• The Julian calendar was created during
Caesar’s rule.
(pages 280–281)
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The Fall of the Republic
Julius Caesar (cont.)
• This calendar was changed slightly in
A.D. 1582, but is basically still in use
today. 
• Caesar had many enemies as well as
supporters. 
• His enemies plotted to kill him and
succeeded on March 15, called the
“Ides of March.”
(pages 280–281)
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The Fall of the Republic
Rome Becomes an Empire
• Octavian was Caesar’s grandnephew,
who had inherited Caesar’s wealth. 
• Antony and Lepidus were two of
Caesar’s top generals. 
• Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus formed
the Second Triumvirate, although the
triumvirate began to quarrel
immediately. 
• Antony fell in love with Cleopatra VII
and formed an alliance with her.
(pages 282–283)
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The Fall of the Republic
Rome Becomes an Empire (cont.)
• Octavian declared war on Antony to
keep him from taking over the republic. 
• Octavian defeated Antony and
Cleopatra’s forces at the Battle of
Actium.
(pages 282–283)
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The Fall of the Republic
Rome Becomes an Empire (cont.)
• Cicero was a political leader, writer, and
public speaker who favored
representative government and
supported Octavian. 
• Octavian restored the republic with
some reforms and took the title
Augustus, meaning “revered one.” 
• This began the Roman Empire.
(pages 282–283)
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The Early Empire
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
This section describes the expansion and
contributions of the Roman Empire.
The Early Empire
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• By expanding the empire and
reorganizing the military and
government, Augustus created a new
era of prosperity. 
• Rome’s system of roads, aqueducts,
ports, and common currency made the
empire rich and prosperous.
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The Early Empire
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Locating Places
• Rhine River (RYN)

• Danube River (DAN·YOOB) 
• Puteoli (pyu·TEE·uh·LY) 
• Ostia (AHS·tee·uh) 
Meeting People
• Caligula (kuh·LIH·gyuh·luh)
• Nero (NEE·roh) 
• Hadrian (HAY·dree·uhn)
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
The Early Empire
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary
• Pax Romana (pahks roh·MAH·nah)

• aqueduct (A·kwuh·DUHKT) 
• currency (KUHR·uhn·see)

Reading Strategy
Cause and Effect Use a chart like the
one on page 286 of your textbook to show
the changes Augustus made in the Roman
Empire and the effect of each change.
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The Early Empire
The Emperor Augustus
• The Pax Romana is the long era of
peace that began with Augustus. 
• Augustus built a permanent,
professional army and created a special
guard called the Praetorian Guard, who
guarded him. 
• Augustus restored Rome’s splendor and
fed the hungry poor of Rome with
imported grain.
(pages 287–288)
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The Early Empire
The Emperor Augustus (cont.)
• Augustus appointed a proconsul, or
governor, for each province, replacing
politicians appointed by the Senate. 
• Augustus reformed the tax system by
making tax collectors permanent
workers, and he reformed the legal
system by creating a set of laws for
people who were not citizens. 
• The Julio-Claudian emperors were the
rulers who followed Augustus: Tiberius,
Caligula, Claudius, and Nero. (pages 287–288)
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The Early Empire
The Emperor Augustus (cont.)
• Caligula and Nero were cruel leaders,
and Tiberius and Claudius were
competent rulers.
(pages 287–288)
The Early Empire
Unity and Prosperity
• Vespasian restored order to Rome after
the chaos following Nero’s death. 
• The Jewish temple in Jerusalem was
destroyed by Vespasian’s armies in the
effort to put down a Jewish rebellion. 
• Mount Vesuvius erupted and destroyed
the city of Pompeii in A.D. 79. 
• The rulers known as the good emperors
were Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus
Pius, and Marcus Aurelius.
(pages 290–294)
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The Early Empire
Unity and Prosperity (cont.)
• The Roman Empire flourished under
their rule. 
• Aqueducts are human-made water
channels for carrying water long
distances. 
• They were created during the prosperous
times of the good emperors. 
• The Roman Empire became one of the
largest empires in history during the
reign of the good emperors. (pages 290–294)
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The Early Empire
Unity and Prosperity (cont.)
• The different people of the Roman
Empire were united by Roman law,
Roman rule, and their shared identity as
Romans. 
• Most people were farmers who grew
olives, grapes, and grain. 
• Other people were artisans who traded
with others inside and outside the Roman
Empire.
(pages 290–294)
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The Early Empire
Unity and Prosperity (cont.)
• Roads and currency—a system of
money—were important to the
prosperous trade that developed. 
• A gap existed between rich merchants,
shopkeepers, and skilled workers and
poor farmers and city dwellers.
(pages 290–294)
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Italy 500 B.C.
Growth of the Roman Republic 500–146 B.C.
The Punic Wars 264–146 B.C.
The Roman Empire: Trade and Expansion
The Rise of Rome
Introduction
Rome’s Beginnings
The Roman Republic
The Fall of the Republic
The Early Empire
The Aeneid
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A Roman Triumph
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Cicero Calls for War
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Focus on Everyday Life
Roman Dinner Parties
Before Rome became a powerful empire, Romans ate simple
meals of porridge, dried vegetables, and greens. People
rarely ate meat or seafood. After Rome’s conquests, the
dining habits of wealthy Romans changed. Newly rich
Romans showed off their wealth with expensive feasts that
included exotic foods and lively entertainment for their guests.
At Roman dinner parties, guests reclined on couches. The
enslaved servants served the food, which
would be carried into the banquet room
on great silver platters. Roman dishes
might include boiled stingray garnished
with hot raisins; boiled crane with turnips;
or roast flamingo cooked with dates,
onions, honey, and wine.
Science and Inventions
Roman Aqueducts
Transporting water is a complex problem. Roman engineers
solved it by building aqueducts. Roman aqueducts carried
water across a valley or hillside using gravity, aboveground
stone arches, and underground pipes made of stone or clay.
Between 312 B.C. and A.D. 226, 11 aqueducts were built to
bring water to Rome from as far away as 57 miles. Once the
water made it to Rome, it was held in collecting tanks. Most
people gathered water from these public tanks. Only the rich
and high ranking officials had private water tanks in their
homes. Many Roman aqueducts still stand and are used
today. Engineers in ancient Persia, India, and Egypt built
similar water systems hundreds of years before the Romans.
However, historians agree that the Romans were the greatest
aqueduct builders of the ancient world.
Connecting to the Past
1. How did the Romans transport water to the
city of Rome?
by using gravity, arches, and underground
pipes
2. Why do you think that only the
rich and powerful had private
water supplies?
It was very expensive and
complicated to pipe water to
individual homes, so only a few
could afford it.
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Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus c. 519–438 B.C.
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Augustus 63 B.C–A.D. 14
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