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12.7 Chapter 12 Foreign Affairs in the Young Nation Essential Question: To what extent should the United States have become involved in world affairs in the early 1800s? Questions • Name 3 additions that have been made over time to the White House • Why did it have to be repaired, or almost rebuilt after 1814? • Have they had the same bathtub the entire time? Explain? Learning Goals/Targets: Chapter 12: Foreign Affairs in the Young Nation EQ: “To what extent should the United States have become involved in world affairs in the early 1800s?” 1.What was President Washington’s foreign policy? 2.How did President Adams keep peace with France? 3.What was Thomas Jefferson’s foreign policy with dealing with piracy? 4.What did President Madison do to protect sailors and settlers? 5.Why did President Monroe create an isolationist foreign policy for the US? Key Terms: neutrality, isolationism, embargo, blockade, Monroe Doctrine 12.1 Questions 1. Guided Reading: a. Describe the significance of the items in the claws of the eagle. b. What does the Great Seal symbolize? c. What year was the Great Seal approved by Congress? 1. Examination: a. List at least 3 items from the great seal that use the number 13 12.1 Introduction Have you got a dollar bill? The Unfinished Pyramid = Strength and Endurance The bald eagle =United States Symbol. The Olive Branch in the Claw=peace The Arrows in the Other Claw=War **Which way does the eagle face? Why? Now turn the dollar over! George Washington The first president and the first to define U.S. foreign policy in the early years of the nation’s history! Learning Goals/Targets: Chapter 12: Foreign Affairs in the Young Nation EQ: “To what extent should the United States have become involved in world affairs in the early 1800s?” 1.What was President Washington’s foreign policy? 2.How did President Adams keep peace with France? 3.What was Thomas Jefferson’s foreign policy with dealing with piracy? 4.What did President Madison do to protect sailors and settlers? 5.Why did President Monroe create an isolationist foreign policy for the US? Key Terms: neutrality, isolationism, embargo, blockade, Monroe Doctrine 12.2 President Washington Creates a Foreign Policy 1789: America was militarily weak. The army Washington commanded during the American Revolution had disbanded. The government didn’t have any money to keeps to keep the army active. Americans had learned that a standard national army could take away their liberties and believed state militia troops could handle things. * The French Revolution : At first, Americans were thrilled, but that changed in 1793 when France declared war against Great Britain! • Back in 1788, the United States signed a treaty of alliance with France • Knowing America wasn’t prepared for war, Washington declared NEUTRALITY! Washington’s policy of avoiding alliances with other countries = ISOLATIONISM! For the next century (100 years) isolationism would be the foundation of U.S. foreign policy! 12.3 President Adam’s Dilemma: Protecting U.S. Ships Staying neutral proved to be difficult! 12.5 The Jay Treaty, 1794 •Washington sent John Jay, chief justice of the Supreme Court to London to settle things with Great Britain for their refusal to leave posts in the Ohio Valley. •France, still at war with Great Britain, viewed this treaty as a violation of their treaty made with America in 1778. •1796, France ships start attacking U.S. merchant ships bound for Great Britain. •Over the next year, French seize 316 American ships! The XYZ Affair (James Bond) • Adams sent three envoys to France to end attacks! • French foreign minister, Talleyrand, refused to speak with Americans and sent secret agents instead!(X,Y,and Z) • There would be no peace talks unless Americans paid tribute! • President Adams recruited 10,000 men & built 12 new ships for the nation’s tiny navy! American Privateers and warships captured 80 armed French vessels!!! 1. In 1800 Napoleon agreed to end France’s alliance of 1778, in exchange France would not have to pay for all the ships they’d seized. 2. The U.S. government would pay ship owners for their lost property! A small price for peace! 3. Choosing the “Olive Branch” cost Adams his popularity and lost him his re-election. The Federalist party would slowly fade away. John Adams had no regrets. He wrote…. I will defend my missions to France, as long as I have an eye to direct my hand, or a finger to hold my pen…. I desire no other inscription over my gravestone than: “Here lies John Adams, who took upon himself the responsibility of the peace with France in the year 1800.” John Adams, Summary • Foreign Policy: – Tried to remain isolated, but could not. – XYZ Affair – Declared “half war” with France. – Eventually negotiated peace treaty with Napoleon, was hated for it. 12.5 President Jefferson’s Dilemma: Dealing with Pirates (and Britain and France)! • By 1803, Great Britain and France were at war again! • Both sides seized American ships that were trading with their enemy! • Jefferson, “England has become a den of pirates and France has become a den of thieves.” • Still, like Washington and Adams, Jefferson tried to stick to a policy of neutrality. Some Jefferson Background Link to Hamilton vs. Burr Duel Facts Hamilton vs. Burr Duel Video Link IMPRESSMENT! 1. Great Britain was not only seizing ships, but impressing American sailors! (Kidnapping them and forcing them to serve in the British navy!) 2. British claimed some men were deserters from British navy. 3. 1807, the Leopard warship (British) stopped the Chesapeake (US) to search for deserters & the Leopard open fired and killed/wounded 21 American sailors! 4. WAR FEVER BROKE OUT AGAIN: This time with GREAT BRITAIN! PIRACY! 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. American merchant ships faced the threat of pirates along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea near North Africa: the Barbary States! Pirates seized ships and held crew for ransom! (Captain Phillips) President Washington and Adams paid tribute to the Barbary States leaders in exchange for safety. They had paid over $2 million. While Americans were shouting… “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!”, during the XYZ Affair, the US was sending $ to the Barbary States!! The ruler of Tripoli demanded more and more or he would declare war on the US! What should Jefferson do??? Pirates of the Mediterranean 12.6 What Happened: Jefferson Solves the Pirate Problem---WAR. 1. 2. 3. 4. Jefferson sent warships to Mediterranean to protect U.S. Ships. 1804---Ships bomb Tripoli and set up blockade. U.S. Ship Philadelphia ran aground. Captain and crew captured and held for ransom. Crew set the ship on fire rather let pirates have ship. 1805, Tripoli signed a peace treaty with the US. Tripoli agreed to stop demanding tribute payments. The US would pay $60,000.00 ransom for the crew of the Philadelphia! It was a bargain for the US! The Philadelphia Jefferson’s desperate attempts in the Atlantic! 1. Great Britain and France continue seizing American ships between 1803-1807! 2. Jefferson proposes an embargo! (a halt on trade with other nations!) The Embargo Act of 1807. 3. Upwards of 55,000 American sailors and merchants lost their jobs! Hurt the U.S. more than it did anyone else. 4. Congress repealed the unpopular Embargo Act in 1809 Ships returned to sea, and French and British warships kept attacking them! 5. Barbary Pirates don’t keep to their word! 1815, U.S. and European naval forces finally destroy the pirate bases. Jefferson’s Embargo Act hurt the Americans more than the Europeans! Jefferson Summary Foreign Policy: 1. Strived for Isolationism. 2. War with Barbary Pirates. Destroyed pirate bases. 3. Embargo with France and Britain. FAILED. Accomplishments: 1. War with Barbary Pirates. 2. Purchased the Louisiana Territory from France (1803) for $15 million and doubled the size of the United States 3. Advocated states' rights over national institutions in stark difference to his predecessor John Adams 4. Drastically cut federal government spending and reduced the national debt by more than 25 percent. 5. Lewis and Clark. Jefferson Summary Interactions with other countries: 1. War with Mediterranean pirates. 2. Embargo with all other nations. 3. Louisiana Purchase. Land Gained/Lost: 1. Louisiana Purchase. (1803) A land deal between the United States and France, in which the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million dollars. Burr vs. Hamilton Background • Burr defeats • Burr runs for governor Hamilton’s fatherof N.Y. in 1804, in-law for a senate Hamilton makes fun of seat in 1791 him in the newspaper • Hamilton • Burr challenges convinces others to Hamilton to a duel, vote for Jefferson saying he “dishonored in 1800 tie. him” Rules for a duel • 1) A challenger issues a public grievance (complaint) against someone • 2) Challenged person either apologizes, or chooses the weapons for the duel • 3) Both people brought “seconds” to negotiate peace before the duel • 4) One could shoot intentionally at the ground, and “give up honorably” The Duel • In Weehawken, NJ. • Each man given a pistol, one bullet. • Hamilton chose the higher ground • Hamilton shot first, high above Burr’s head. • Burr shot back, hit Hamilton in the ribs Aftermath • Hamilton dies the next day, is buried in Manhattan • Burr is indicted for murder, but the case never reaches a trial • Burr remains Vice-President, becomes a lawyer after. Learning Goals/Targets: Chapter 12: Foreign Affairs in the Young Nation EQ: “To what extent should the United States have become involved in world affairs in the early 1800s?” 1.What was President Washington’s foreign policy? 2.How did President Adams keep peace with France? 3.What was Thomas Jefferson’s foreign policy with dealing with piracy? 4.What did President Madison do to protect sailors and settlers? 5.Why did President Monroe create an isolationist foreign policy for the US? Key Terms: neutrality, isolationism, embargo, blockade, Monroe Doctrine Louisiana Purchase (280-281) • What was the main reason that the United States wanted the Louisiana territory? • How was Napoleon going to be a problem in getting this land? Explain. • What happened that made Napoleon change his mind? • Some people didn’t approve the purchase. Would you like this new land, or would it be a problem? Trivia Practice • Read pgs 232-234 individually. • Discuss with your group once all are finished reading. • You can use your textbooks and notebooks during trivia. Create A Chart What I know about the Star-Spangled Banner What I found out 12.7 President Madison’s Dilemma: Protecting Sailors and Settlers James Madison, 1809 1. Proposed to Great Britain and France that if they stop their attacks on American ships, the US will stop trading with their enemy. 2. Napoleon Bonaparte (France) agreed ~ except Napoleon lied and continued seizing American ships . 3. Wanting to believe… Madison cut-off all trade with Great Britain! 4. Great Britain continued to seize American ships and impress sailors. Trouble as settlers move west… 1. November 7,1811, Shawnee warriors fought against U.S. militia led by Indiana governor, William Henry Harrison in the Battle of Tippecanoe Creek! 2. Americans defeated the Indians, but learned that they were armed with British guns! 3. War Hawks (Led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina) were ready to go to war with Great Britain and drive them out of Canada. Was our nation strong enough to Launch arrows of war? Should Madison hold tightly to the olive branch of peace? Madison thinks about abandoning George Washington’s policy of isolationism and going to war with GREAT BRITAIN! New England and Federalists.. The South and The West…. Opposed war, as it meant a blockade and less trade. Supported going to war! Resented Great Britain’s policy of impressing sailors! They also accused Great Britain for stirring up trouble with the Indians 12.8 What Happened: The War of 1812 Isolationism is abandoned! 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Congress declared war on Great Britain on July 17,1812. With only 7,000 poorly trained men and 16 navy ships! Battles at Land and Sea War Hawks couldn’t take Canada. Sept ember 10, 1813, Oliver Hazard Perry captured British fleet in Lake Eerie---which allowed Harrison to push into Canada! Chief Tecumseh died while fighting on the side of the British! By December, British drive Americans back across the border. MORE EVENTS OF THE WAR OF 1812 1. 2. 3. Napoleon (France ruler), 1814, is defeated in Europe. Great Britain can now send more troops to Canada! August 1814, British invade Washington, D.C. !!! Madison fled for his life! British attack port city of Baltimore, Maryland. September 13th, Francis Scott Key watched as the British bombarded Fort McHenry… when dawn broke… the flag was still flying. The fort had not been captured! He wrote a poem…. “The Star-Spangled Banner” Whitney Houston sings Star Spangled Banner at Super Bowl 12.2 The Battle of New Orleans.. 1. 2. 3. British fleet surrenders to U.S. forces after the Battle of Lake Champlain in New York…. But the news traveled SLOWLY... January 8, 1815.. British commanders attacked New Orleans, defended by General Andrew Jackson, and a ragtag army of 7,000 militia, free African Americans, Indians, and pirates.. This was the GREATEST U.S. VICTORY of the War of 1812! --Two weeks earlier, American and British diplomats met in Ghent, Belgium had signed a peace treaty.. Lego Version of Battle of New Orleans. Andrew Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans Results of the War…. Both sides claimed victory ~ neither sides really won. The problems of seizing and impressments seemed to fade. However.. 1. 2. 3. 4. Indian resistance in the northwest weakened after Tecumseh’s death. Soon they would be driven out of the Ohio Valley. National pride in the U.S. surged! The War of 1812 was the second war for independence! Political damage, the Federalists Party, who opposed war, never recovered. Two war heroes – William Henry Harrison and Andrew Jackson would be elected presidents! Learning Goals/Targets: Chapter 12: Foreign Affairs in the Young Nation EQ: “To what extent should the United States have become involved in world affairs in the early 1800s?” 1.What was President Washington’s foreign policy? 2.How did President Adams keep peace with France? 3.What was Thomas Jefferson’s foreign policy with dealing with piracy? 4.What did President Madison do to protect sailors and settlers? 5.Why did President Monroe create an isolationist foreign policy for the US? Key Terms: neutrality, isolationism, embargo, blockade, Monroe Doctrine 12.9 President Monroe’s Dilemma: A New Foreign Policy Challenge 12.10 1. Elected in 1817, James Monroe welcomed policy of Isolationism after the War of 1812. 2. Attention shifted off of Great Britain and now onto events happening in Latin America! 3. Latin America’s Revolution! • Revolt against Spanish rule lasted 10 years~ until Mexico finally won its independence! (Miguel Hidalgo) • Venezuela (Simon Bolivar) in the north and Argentina (Jose de San Martin) in the south, won their independence from Spain! New Latin American Nations 1. Americans were excited by independence movements in Latin America! So was Great Britain, as now they could trade with them. 2. Other European leaders were not excited, and talked of helping Spain recover its lost colonies… 3. 1832, Great Britain asked the U.S. to join in sending a message to these leaders telling them to leave Latin America alone! 4. James Monroe asked Jefferson and Madison for advice… • Should the United States do something to support Latin America? ---If so, what? 12.10 What Happened: The Monroe Doctrine 1. 2. 3. Both Thomas Jefferson and James Madison liked the idea of joining with Great Britain to send a warning to the nations of Europe! Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams, thought it would be more dignified for the United States to speak boldly for itself! 1823, James Monroe spoke to Congress about the new policy, The Monroe Doctrine. North and South American were ‘free and independent’ and could not be colonized by any European power! Europe was to STAY OUT of the Americas. 4. 5. Europeans denounced his policy as arrogant! Americans were proud to see the United States stand up for the freedom-loving people of Latin America! The Monroe Doctrine joins Isolationism as a Basic Principle of U.S. Foreign Policy. The United States would not accept European interference in American affairs! The United States was no longer a weak collection of quarreling states. It had become a strong and confident nation – a nation to be respected by the world!!! Review Question • Think about the map you just saw. Why do you think the United States is being very hypocritical? (Saying something is wrong but still doing it yourself) • Give at least one example to support your answer! • Think about what we know the map will eventually look like to help your answer. Learning Goals/Targets: Chapter 12: Foreign Affairs in the Young Nation EQ: “To what extent should the United States have become involved in world affairs in the early 1800s?” 1.What was President Washington’s foreign policy? 2.How did President Adams keep peace with France? 3.What was Thomas Jefferson’s foreign policy with dealing with piracy? 4.What did President Madison do to protect sailors and settlers? 5.Why did President Monroe create an isolationist foreign policy for the US? Key Terms: neutrality, isolationism, embargo, blockade, Monroe Doctrine Foreign Affairs in the Young Nation. To what extent should the United States have become involved in world affairs in the early 1800s? Answer in a five-paragraph essay. 1st Five Presidents Video Link