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The Modern Mediterranean
The Iberian
Peninsula
The Italian
Peninsula
The Balkan
Peninsula
The Ancient Mediterranean
Fertile Crescent
Empires
Ancient Rome
Ancient
Carthage
Ancient
Greece
Ancient
Egypt
The Geography of Rome
The Role of Geography in Ancient Rome
The Role of Geography in Ancient Rome
The Role of Geography in Ancient Rome
Mountains: Two Major Ranges - Alps and Apennines impact Italy
1. Alps to the north separate Italy from the rest of Europe. They offer
some but not total protection from invasion because of natural
passes.
2. Apennines run the length of Italy but do not hinder trade or travel.
Effects:
Trade and contact with other civilizations was possible but invasion
was also a constant threat, thus a strong military developed.
Northern Italy – The Alps
Northern Italy – The Apennines
The Role of Geography in Ancient Rome
Seas: Adriatic Sea lies to the East and Mediterranean to
south and west
1. Long coastlines with fewer natural harbors than Greece.
2. Rivers are generally short and shallow. Poorly suited for travel
and transportation.
Effects:
• People turned inland for trade rather than to the sea as the
Greeks had.
• The long coastlines made invasion easier.
The Seas – The Italian Riviera
The Role of Geography in Ancient Rome
Land, Soil and Vegetation: Most of land is foothills and mountains
except in the valleys of the north.
1. Most soil is sandy and easily erodes. Best suited for grazing.
2. Northern valleys are fertile enough for grains.
3. Most other areas are good for vegetable, grapes, olives, and citrus
fruits.
Effects:
• The Romans were mostly self-sufficient in early history but turned
to trade to supplement food supply as empire grew.
The Land – Central Italy
Northern Italy - Tuscany
Italian Farmland
The Role of Geography in Ancient Rome
Climate: Mediterranean Climate
1. Mild temperatures and plentiful winter precipitation.
2. Suitable for citrus, grapes, olives, and vegetables.
Effects:
• Like the Greeks, Romans spent much time outdoors socializing
and trading ideas.
• Citrus, grapes, and olives were major exports for trade.
Mild Mediterranean Climate
Italy in 750 BC
Three Groups of Early
Settlers in Italy
Latins – 1000 B.C.
Etruscans – 900 B.C.
Greeks – 750 B.C.
The Latins
 Arrived around 1000 B.C.
 Settled in area known as
Latium.
 Primarily farmers who
lived in villages along the
Tiber River.
 Established the city of
Rome around 753 B.C.
 Considered to be the
first Romans
The Ancient City of Rome – Built on Seven Hills
Along the Tiber River
The Etruscans
 Arrived around 900 B.C.
 Settled in area known as Etruria in northern Italy.
 Skilled metal workers and advanced in engineering.
Developed the arch.
 Had a writing system which was adopted by the
Romans and became the basis of Latin.
 Influenced early Roman religion.
The Greeks in Italy
 Began establishing colonies in
southern Italy between 750
and 600 B.C.
 Greek cities became
prosperous and spread trade
contacts throughout Italy.
 Introduced Romans to Greek
culture.
 Had a strong influence on
Roman trade, architecture,
politics, and religion.
 Romans adopted Greek religion
and gods.
Early Settlements
in Italy
Etruria
Latium
Greek
Colonies
The Mythical Founding of
Rome:
Romulus & Remus
Early Rome Before the Republic
1. The Latins and Etruscans began to merge and
became known as Romans.
2. Around 600 B.C. an Etruscan was elected king
of Rome and established the Tarquin dynasty.
3. Rome began emerging into a major city with
impressive engineering and architecture.
4. Great temples and the forum were built during
this time.
5. In 509 B.C. a harsh and unjust Tarquin king was
overthrown by the Romans. The Romans declared
they would never again be ruled by a king.
6. The Romans established a republic that would
last for nearly 500 years. This began Rome’s
climb to glory and world prestige.
ANCIENT ROMAN HISTORY – THE REPUBLIC
Neolithic Culture
3000 BC
Latin Settlement
Etruscan Settlement
Greek Colonization
Etruscan Rule of Rome
Establishment of the Republic
1000 BC
900 BC
750 BC
600 BC
509 BC
264 BC
Punic Wars
146 BC
Spartacus Slave Revolts
First Triumvirate Formed
Assassination of Julius Caesar
73 BC
60 BC
44 BC
Patricians
(Aristocrats)
Plebeians
•Farmers
•Merchants
•Artisans
Freedmen
Slaves
•City Slaves
•Household Slaves
(Early Republic)
Patricians
vs.
Plebeians
1. The Patricians were wealthy
landowners and held most of the
power.
2. They inherited their power and
social status and claimed to be
descendants from the original
Romans.
Patricians vs. Plebeians
3. Plebeians were the common
people and made up the
majority of Romans.
4. Plebeians were citizens, could
vote but couldn’t hold
powerful government office.
5. Eventually Plebeians gained
the right to appoint tribunes
to protect their rights.
6. Around 450 B.C. the
Plebeians began writing down
Rome’s laws and posting
them. These were known as
the Twelve Tables.
The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE
 Provided political and social
rights for the plebeians.
 Established the idea that all free
citizens had a right to protection
by the law.