Download Chapter 6 Ancient Rome and Early Christianity

Section 3
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 The “Pax Romana” brought order and peace to the
Roman empire
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 Aqueduct: artificial
channels for carrying
water
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 Augustus
 Tiberius
 Claudius
 Nero
 Marcus Aurelius
 Galen
 Ptolemy
 Virgil
 Livy
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 Appian Way
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 Octavian, later known as
Augustus, claimed to
support the republic but
actually laid the
foundation for a new
state called the Roman
empire
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 Augustus was made
consul, tribune, and
commander in chief for
life in 27 B.C.
 Gave himself the title of
Augustus—or “Majestic
One”
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 Forty years of reign—27
B.C. to 14
 Rebuilt Rome
 Patron of the arts
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 Proconsuls could not
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exploit the provinces
Official tax collectors
Grain imported from
Africa so all could eat
New/repaired roads
Magnificent buildings
built
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 Pax Romana—Roman
peace--began 31 B.C.
 Lasted 200 years
 Some disturbances with
new emperors
 Augustus failed to write
law on selection of new
emperors
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 Emperors ruling A.D. 14 to 68 were called Julians—
each related to Julius caesar
 Each showed early promise then great faults
 Tiberius
 Caligula
 Claudius
 Nero
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 Augustus’s adopted son
 Accused innocent people
of treason
 No significant
achievements
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 Tiberius’ grand nephew
 Became mentally
disturbed and was killed
by a palace guard A.D. 41
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 Caligula’s uncle
 Renowned scholar, but
unable to focus of
matters of state as he got
older
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 Claudius’ stepson
 Cruel, probably insane
 Bankrupted Rome to pay
for his pleasures—horse
racing and music
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 Suspecting others of
plotting against him—
today’s--killed many
senators, his wife, and
his mother
 Senate sentenced him to
death for treason
 Committed suicide
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 Known as effective administrators and support of
large building projects
 Senate selected them—beginning A.D. 96
-Nerva
-Trajan
-Hadrian
-Antonius Pius
-Marcus Aurelius
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 Trajan
 Increased the empire to
greatest size
 The Roman Empire was
never larger than under
Trajan’s rule
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 Hadrian
 Strengthen Rome’s
military position
 Built Hadrian’s Wall
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 Hadrian’s Wall stretched
73 miles across England
to help protect that
frontier from invaders
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 Maintained the Empires
prosperity
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 Brought the Empire to
height of economic
prosperity
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 Good emperors lived
with stoic philosophy
 “Every moment think
steadily as a Roman and
a human being how to
do what you have in
hand with perfect and
simple dignity”
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 Augustus set the
standard
 Augustus chose
professional governors
rather than letting the
Senate appoint
inexperienced
proconsuls every year
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 In some provinces,
Augustus let local kings
rule conquered lands
 Built roads--mobility
 Personally inspected
provinces
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 Augustus served as
pontifex maximus
 Chief priest of Rome
 He and each emperor
became head of a
national, unifying
religion
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 At first, the Romans
established two legal
systems (two laws)
 “ Jus gentium”: law that
dealt with non-citizens,
 “jus civile” or citizen law
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 By early A.D. 200s, all
free males in the empire
were made full citizens
of Rome
 Two laws became one.
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 Romans stressed the
authority of state over
the individual
 Individual rights
stressed, however: e.g.,
the right of accused
innocent until proven
guilty
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 The Roman system of
law formed the basis for
legal systems of many
Western nations and the
Christian Church
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 Augustus and successors
maintained the army, but
reduced number of
legions
 By A.D. 160, invasions by
outsiders was problem
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 Reductions due to
“peaceful conditions”
 300,000 troops not
enough to maintain
4,000 mile border
 Question: Does the lack
of conflict mean nations
are at peace?
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 Stability of “Pax
Romana”, 31 B.C. to A.D.
180, boosted trade,
raised living standards,
and made achievements
 “…every country is open
to commerce…”
Turtullian--author
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 More people became
moderately well off but,
the majority of people
were still poor
 Most Romans lived in
flimsy wooden
apartment buildings of
six or seven stories that
readily collapsed or
caught fire
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 Despite trying
conditions, the poor did
not rebel, because the
government offered both
free bread and free
entertainment: “bread
and circuses”
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 The family became less
significant
 Romans had fewer
children and were likely
to divorce and remarry
several times
 Question: Can you draw
an analogy of the
Romans and the
Americans?
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 The poor did not rebel
against the government
because it offered them
free bread and
entertainment
 Appeasing the people
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 Circus Maximus—an
arena holding 150,000
people
 By A.D. 160, Romans
were celebrating holidays
130 days a year
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 Many impressive
buildings
 Circus Maximus
 Colosseuem
 Pantheon—temple to
the gods
 Used concrete—new
material
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 Roads
 Appian Way
 50,000 miles of total
roads linking provinces
 Aqueducts
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 Use of Etruscan arch and
dome to build aqueducts
 Greek columns
supported porches build
around the city
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 Romans adapting
 Used Greek physician
Galen’s ideas to form
their medicine
 Used Egyptian
astronomer Ptolemy’s
ideas for astronomy
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 Greek slaves taught young men and women in homes
 Wealthy young men-academies
 Wealthy young women-home
 Lower classes-basic knowledge of reading, writing, and
arithmetic
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Latin—official language
Smaller alphabet than Greeks
Official language of Europe until A.D.1500s
Basis of romance languages
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Italian
French
Spanish
Portuguese
Romanian
 Also, root words for half of English words
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 Achieved elegance and power
 Cicero—senator—famous elegant speeches
 Ovid—wrote “Metamorphoses”—about Greek
mythology
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 Horace—Odes—about shortness of life and
importance of companionship
 Virgil—Aeneid--epic poem
 Livy—monumental history of Rome
 Tacitus—Germania—contrasted robust life of the
Germans with the weak and pleasure-loving life of the
Romans
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