Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Diseases of poverty wikipedia , lookup
Focal infection theory wikipedia , lookup
Infection control wikipedia , lookup
Compartmental models in epidemiology wikipedia , lookup
Public health genomics wikipedia , lookup
Transmission (medicine) wikipedia , lookup
Antimicrobial resistance wikipedia , lookup
Hygiene hypothesis wikipedia , lookup
بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم Infectious Diseases and Traditional Medicine Majid Avijgan MD, Professor of Infectious Diseases Infectious Diseases Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences October 2012 This topic 1-History 2-Discovery of Antibiotics 3-Domino of Antibiotics 4-Role of Antibiotics 5-Immun System and Antibiotics 6-The role of Medical Services in this event History From the beginning of the world up to 1856. From 1856 up to now. Natural substances Aarchaeologists excavated evidence of human remains in northern Iraq that were buried along with a variety of herbs, a number of which have now found to be antibacterial that were used by the prehistoric people of the region to eliminate bacteria or thwart their multiplication. Natural substances It is believed that the Egyptians were the first to make prescriptions for curing infections sometime around 1550 BC. Blend of lard, honey and lint and was used in the form of a lotion for dressing wounds. Natural substances We are aware that honey possesses antibacterial properties, as it kills bacterial cells by means of extracting water from them. Moreover, honey encloses an enzyme called inhibine that transforms glucose and oxygen into hydrogen peroxide - a widely accepted antiseptic. In current times, wounds have been found to be very resistant to healing by antibiotic medicaments. However, honey has the aptitude to heal them quite easily. In addition, honey is also known to be a wonderful natural medication for curing infected varicose ulcers. Natural substances In addition, the Greeks too used honey for dressing wounds, frequently mixing it with copper oxide. In latest times, during the World War II, an ointment prepared with honey and lard was used by people in Shanghai to heal wounds and skin contagions very effectively. Natural substances Aromatic resins, for instance frankincense as well as myrrh, were employed to preserve human remains. In effect, onions too have antibacterial properties and it has been generally found inside the body cavities of mummies. Researches substantiated the anti-infective properties of onion and garlic some time around 1940s. Scientists isolated a substance known as allicin from these plants, which has proved to be very effective in eliminating bacteria. Natural substances Radish is another herb which the Egyptians are believed to have used for medicinal purpose. The attribute of the plant to combat infections was established following the isolation of raphanin, a substance that possesses considerable antibacterial actions against a wide range of infections. Natural substances However, the use of molds actually has its origin to the ancient Egyptians or most possibly even earlier. Natural substances It may be mentioned here that some time around 1550 BC, an Egyptian physician had remarked in the Ebers Papyrus that when a wound decomposes, it should be bind on infected barley bread. It is true that the Egyptians employed various types of molds to cure infections on the skin surface. Similarly, in ancient time, the Chinese too made use of molds to heal carbuncles, boils and other skin infections. Natural substances During the time of the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, people also extensively used vinegar and wine to heal wounds that were infected. Vinegar is actually an acid and a potent antiseptic that eliminates germs causing diseases. However, the antibacterial features of wine may not be totally attributed to its alcohol content, since it is very poor. Chemical analysis of wine undertaken recently has exposed that it encloses an antibacterial substance known as malvoside. Scientists are of the view that malvoside present in wine is responsible for its antibacterial attributes. Natural substances Even today, inorganic substances, copper is mixed with other inorganic substances to cure infections. In France, a skin condition called impetigo caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus is being cured using Eau Dalibour, a blend of copper and zinc. Although the surgeon general of Louis XIV army Jacques Dalibour is known to prescribe this medication for the first time ever, it is believed that this combination may also have been used in traditional French medicine much long back. History The data hand down generation to generation during years……. History of drugs At 1856 first drug store has been presented in the California in USA History In addition, it also throws light on why majority of the medical researches are sponsored by the pharmaceutical firms and the reason behind medical students being taught pharmacology or the use of medicaments as the key ways of treating patients. History In Paris itself, Louis Pasteur had explained the advantageous influences of injecting animals with safe soil bacteria to fight anthrax (an infectious, often life-threatening disease of the animals). Several other experiments dealing with anthrax and cholera also corroborated these findings and established that harmless bacteria have the aptitude to slow down the disease-causing or pathogenic bacteria. History In 1910, scientists found a more potential agent known as salvarsan, which was basically a dye, demonstrating to be very effectual in treating the sexually transmitted disease syphilis. Nevertheless, toxicity of the substance in humans proved to be the main obstacle in developing salvarsan as well as its extensive use. History While trying to develop the bacteria Staphylococcus spp. on an agar plate (a saucer used for preparing bacterial cultures) in 1928, Dr. Fleming detected that the development of this bacterium was slowed down by a mold which had contaminated the plate by accident. He immediately made up his mind to identify the mold that was ultimately known as Penicillium notatum. History Incidentally, it took another few years for two talented researchers, Dr. Florey and Dr. Chain, who were working at Oxford University in the late 1930s and early part of 1940s, to appreciate the significance of the findings of Dr. Fleming’s research. In fact, the pioneering work of these two researchers helped to bring penicillin into clinical use. Dr. Flory was an Australian physician who had been to Oxford on a scholarship to study pathology. On the other hand, Dr. Chain was a chemist from Germany who had escaped from the Nazis in the 1930s and went to England for rest. History Penicillin showed marked efficiency in combating an assortment of infections, including septicemia, pneumonia, scarlet fever, diphtheria, strep throat, rheumatic fever as well as the sexually transmitted ailment gonorrhoea. In fact, people started believing that penicillin could be used to treat any ailment and, incidentally, this myth even exists till date. At the same time, this new magic medicament received fantastic publicity and Dr. Fleming, Dr. Florey and Dr. Chain were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1945. HISTORY (Resistance) Before 1955, the sale of penicillin was not restricted and, hence, anyone and everyone were able to purchase it without a prescription. However, the overuse and unrestricted use of penicillin resulted in increasing resistant to bacteria HISTORY (Resistance) In the meantime, in 1935, a German researcher demonstrated that a dye known as Prontosil Red was effective in treating mice infected with Streptococcus supp. - the bacteria responsible for strep throat. In fact, the dye Prontosil Red was the predecessor of a group of drugs similar to antibiotics and known as sulphonamides or sulfa drugs. Even to this day, these drugs are in use. For instance, Septra, which contains sulfamethoxazole, is given to patients suffering from infections of the respiratory as well as the urinary tract. History (complication) Merck and Company helped Waksman with funds in 1939 to begin an exploration for antibiotics with a view to offer optimism to patients suffering from tuberculosis (TB). Even to this day, the antibiotic is used to treat tuberculosis. Soon after streptomycin was clinically used in tuberculosis patients, it was found that the use of the drug resulted in side effects that were absent in the case of using penicillin, counting kidney damage as well as deafness. History Nevertheless, the major problem faced by patients in using streptomycin, and what actually limited efficiency, was resistance. In fact, the pace at which bacteria were capable of developing resistance to this drug surprised Waksman and his colleagues. Owing to this factor, they were encouraged to undertake research to find other antibiotics. This search actually led to the development of neomycin - a medicament generally used in a number of antibacterial ointments these days. History As many as 22 patients who received the antibiotic chloramphenicol in the Bolivian epidemic survived. Among the 50 patients who did not avail antibiotic, 14 succumbed to the epidemic. Actually, the trial of the antibiotic drug in Bolivia is not its sole connection in South America. In effect, the antibiotic medicament chloramphenicol was isolated for the first time from a soil sample in a place in Caracas, Venezuela. This discovery is significant in two ways. Firstly, it helped in detecting a new antibiotic substance and second, according to the findings of the clinical trial, chloramphenicol has the potential to treat diseases that were incurable earlier - for instance, typhus. Much later, this antibiotic medicament demonstrated outstanding results in treating typhoid fever. Finally, the scientists were being successful in discovering new and effectual substances, which could cure severe infections. History effectual substances, which could cure severe infections. The ecstasy involved with the discovery of chloramphenicol was rather diminished when it became clear that the use of the antibiotic resulted in grave side effects. By 1950, several researchers were worried by the increasing proof related to the drug’s use to acute blood disorders, such as anaemia and even leukemia. The use of the antibiotic drug chloramphenicol is presently restricted in the developed nations, as more expensive, but less harmful medications are available in these places. However, in developing nations this antibiotic is still in use since its production does not entail great expenses. Primarily, this drug is given to patients suffering from typhoid fever, typhus, meningitis and brucellosis also known as undulant fever. However, this antibiotic medicament may also be used for treating other infections. In fact, it is possible that you have used this drug either in your ear drops or eye drops. History In 1948, Brotzu made the findings of this clinical trials public and his work drew the attention of the research group formed by Dr. Florey in Oxford University. After obtaining the samples of the fungus, members of the Oxford University research group could isolate as well as purify a number of antibiotics similar to penicillin, which were known as cephalosporins. It was found that the cephalosporins were highly effectual in curing an assortment of infections caused by bacteria. These antibiotics eliminate bacteria in a way that is comparable to the actions of penicillin and were considered as valuable options, particularly in cases where resistance to penicillin was a major worry. In addition, cephalosporins had very low toxicity and this was a great advantage of using these antibiotic medicaments. However, it is another matter that using cephalosporins resulted in allergic reactions in approximately five per cent of patients. History Benjamin M. Duggar was successful in isolating chlortetracycline from a mud sample obtained from a river in Missouri. While chlortetracycline was the first ever tetracycline, the discovery of Duggar has resulted in the isolation and then the development of numerous very potent antibiotics. Currently, these antibiotic drugs are only second to penicillin in terms of worldwide sales. History Tetracyclines results in the formation of calcium complexes in developing bone, which may cause permanent discoloration and enamel imperfections in the teeth and, at the same time, lessen the growth of bone. In addition, tetracyclines penetrate the placenta and have an immense toxic effect on the fetus. Owing to these adverse and toxic side effects, use of tetracyclines is banned in treating infections among pregnant women and children under the age of seven years, since they have the potential to slow down the growth of kids. Turning Points Additional research undertaken in the 1960s led to the development of the second generation antibiotic drugs. These second generation antibiotics included methicillin, a partially synthetic derivative of penicillin produced to especially beat the problems of penicillin resistance. In effect, scientists hailed methicillin as a vital advancement in the fight against bacterial resistance to penicillin. Scientists were now of the view that they would be able to win the battle against bacterial infections. However, unfortunately, they were proved wrong and bacteria had the final word and today we have bacteria that are also resistant to the second generation antibiotic methicillin. Domino Domino of Antibiotics since the discovery of penicillin in 1928, infections still plague us. Many bacteria develop resistance to the antibiotics that once killed them. While antibiotics can be lifesaving when used appropriately, overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics can cause widespread health problems. Then consider the resistant's bacteria and overwhelmed Immune system http://www.tcmpage.com/hpinfections.html Attention to Traditional Medicine 1970 return to Traditional medicine History During the early part of the 1990s, the American Medical Association (AMA) ensured a powerful political lobby to shut down several homeopathic colleges and hospitals. It is interesting to note that within just two decades, the number of homeopathic hospitals in America dropped to just seven by 1920. Immune system or Resistance to infection Means No Infection Infectious Diseases and Traditional Medicine!!! Infectious Diseases: Newest findings of Medical sciences Traditional Medicine: Oldest findings or data of Medical Sciences But: Sky-scrapers are on the strong foundation Infectious Diseases and Traditional Medicine!!! П------------------------------------------П Traditional Med..---------------------------------------------------------------------Infectious Dis ↓ ----------П--------------------П----------- ------Traditional Med. -------Infectious Dis. ---- ↓ -------------------ПП---------------------- ------Infectious Dis./Traditional Med. ------- Infectious Diseases and Traditional Medicine!!! 1-Pay attention to correct diagnosis 2-Perscription of correct Drugs 3-administration of correct dosage and correct duration 4-they lead to: 5-No resistance 6-less complications 7-Avoidence of advertisements of pharmaceutical company The first signs of TM in History The first reference to infectious disease appeared in Huang Di Nei Jing (Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic), compiled in the first or second century CE. R: ( Gilbert D, Moellering R, Sande M. The Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy. 29th Edition. Hyde Park, Vt.: Antimicrobial Therapy, Inc., 1999. ) Other: TB in Egypt Mummies and HP Epidemiologic features and Transmission "from one person to the entire household, from one household to the entire street, and from one street to the entire village. " The disease first affects the exterior of the body and progresses to the interior, following the patterns of wei (defensive), qi (energy), ying (nutritive) and xue (blood) levels.5 …..transmitted from one person to another via "heaven [air-borne]" or "earth [direct contact], ……" and affect individuals with low immunity.6 R:Wen Re Lun (Discussion of Warm and Hot Disorders) by the apprentices of Ye Gui, 1745-1766. Wen Yi Lun (Discussion of Epidemic Warm Disease) by Wu You-Xing, 1642. Warm or Hot diseases versus cold diseases recognized that these patterns of illness were significantly different from shang han (cold damage) patterns, so must be diagnosed and treated differently. Three of the most influential doctors during that era contributed to a new school of thought, namely wen bing (warm disease).2-4 Furthermore, the cause of these warm and hot disease have "no sound nor smell, and no shape nor shadow.”(6) Wu You-Xing, also known as Wu You-Ko, circa 1580-1660. Ye Gui, also known as Ye Tian-Shi, 1666-1745. Wu Tang, also known as Wu Ju-Tong, 1758-1836. Infectious diseases classification Theory of Febrile Diseases and Synopsis of the Golden Cabinet, by Zhang Zhongjing, (150-219 AD), and Treatise on Differentiation and Treatment of Seasonal Febrile Diseases, by Wu Jutong, 1798, include effective formulas for "Clearing Heat," "Expelling Cold," and "Relieving Toxicity" which are used to treat infectious diseases. http://www.tcmpage.com/hpinfections.html Immune system or infectious diseases Two theories dominate the practice of medicine on infectious diseases. One theory is that germs cause infectious diseases. The other theory is that diminished host resistance causes infectious diseases. The "great compromise" of these two theories is widely accepted by both the public and professionals. That is, infectious organisms are present in the host or the environment, but infection does not occur unless the host,s resistance diminishes. (TB,AIDS, ……) http://www.nationalpainfoundation.org/articles/118/modern-vs--traditional-medicine Immune system and infectious Diseases As a pillar of modern medicine, antibiotics play a tremendous role in dealing with infections. When the body,s immune system is overwhelmed, antibiotics can be very useful. Otherwise it is un successes (MDR and AIDS) Immune system and infectious dis. Antibiotics and Resistance As more people consider this question in comparative medicine, they find the answer in a natural and powerful substitute for antibiotics -Chinese herbs. Modern chemical antibiotics have been in existence less than a hundred years, whereas the natural herbal antibiotics prescribed by traditional healers have been used for more than 2000 years by millions of people. http://www.tcmpage.com/hpinfections.html (Superior or inferior medicine) or (treatment or Prevention ) One of the fundamental concepts in traditional medicine is that "superior medicine prevents disease, and inferior medicine treats disease."8 Prevention of infectious disease is certainly no exception since bacteria and virus tend to adversely affect those who have weakened immune systems. Many herbs and formulas that tonify wei qi can boost the immune system. Bei Ji Qian Jin Yao Fang (Thousands of Golden Prescriptions for Emergencies) by Sun Si-Miao. http://www.tcmpage.com/hpinfections.html Treatment versus prevention medicine This compromise is that a strong immune system is fundamental if the body is to resist infections. A medicine which controls bacterial infection and sustains the immune system is always preferable to a medicine which kills bacteria but depresses the immune system. http://www.tcmpage.com/hpinfections.html Modern medicine is same traditional medicine It is helpful to remember as we consider the wonders of modern medicine that it has been with us for less than 100 years. On the other hand, traditional healing practices have been a part of our human experience in one way or another throughout recorded history. Phrases such as alternative therapy, holistic medicine or "new-age healing" are nothing more than modern expressions of healing practices that have their beginnings over many centuries. These include a tremendous variety of healing practices that are offered – or the most part – by people who are not trained as modern physicians, nurses or related health care practitioners. Modern medicine is same traditional medicine Modern Medicine is consisted of Traditional Medicine plus Modern Technology, Innovation and explorations. http://www.nationalpainfoundation.org/articles/118/modern-vs--traditional-medicine Differences between modern and traditional medicine !!! Major differences between modern and traditional medicine!!! Notice again that traditional refers to those practices that generally do not involve modern medical practice, which is in contrast to the many modern physicians who describe their practices as "traditional" while referring to everything else as "non-traditional" (or much worse, depending on who is doing the talking). Salicylic acid and Whitlow cortex Artemisia and Malaria Differences: Disease and health / Illness and wellness One major difference between traditional medicine and modern medicine is the way in which we look at disease and health. Dr. Arthur Kleinman, a noted medical anthropologist, distinguishes disease from illness as follows: Disease refers to abnormalities in the structure and/or function of organs and organ systems. Illness refers to a person's perceptions and experiences of certain socially disvalued states, including, but not limited to, disease. http://www.nationalpainfoundation.org/articles/118/modern-vs--traditional-medicine Differences: Disease and health / Illness and wellness Diseases, then, are biological conditions. Modern medical practice is generally concerned only with identifying and curing these conditions (the biomedical model we discussed in the first installment of Transcending Your Pain). Illness, by contrast, has to do with not only disease within organs, but with the social, psychological and spiritual condition of the person (the biopsychosocial model previously discussed). Some critics of modern medicine believe that – in the enthusiasm to understand disease – a heavy price has been extracted. By ignoring the social, psychological and spiritual condition of patients, the art of healing has been lost. http://www.nationalpainfoundation.org/articles/118/modern-vs--traditional-medicine Health definition by WHO……….. Choice of people for treatment In one large recent study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, sick people in the United States were just as likely to turn first to traditional practitioners as they were to modern physicians. Interestingly, the source of people's dissatisfaction is not due to any knowledge on patients' parts about the outcome of modern versus traditional treatment. But what do we mean by "outcomes?" Modern physicians rely on studies comparing one type of treatment with another, with outcomes usually measured in terms of control or elimination of disease. http://www.nationalpainfoundation.org/articles/118/modern-vs--traditional-medicine Differences: "spiritual," I mean the idea that there is something we can connect to that is greater than our bodies or the time we have to spend in them. This may or may not be associated with a religious tradition. A person can be quite spiritual and find great meaning to his or her life without participating in any particular religion. They may long for healers who can care about all the dimensions of their lives. My own experience tells me that modern medicine practitioners who have been able to retain some traditional thinking, and who can bring that to the care of their patients, are tremendously popular. Differences: "spiritual," Maintenance of health and wellness may or may not be associated with successful elimination of disease in the body. I remember some years ago, Dr. Larry Dossey, a well-known physician who was interested in both modern and traditional healing practices, told an audience that he had just attended the funeral of one of his patients. He said that while she had died from cancer and experienced cancer-related pain, she had lived the remaining days of her life in peace and with a feeling of well being. He must have been of great comfort to his patients during that difficult time. Antibiotics and infectious diseases of antibiotic drugs is one of the major breakthroughs in modern medicine. It enables doctors to effectively treat many different types of infections. Unfortunately, decades of abuse and misuse have led to growing problems of bacterial mutation and resistance. Many of these "super bugs" can only be treated with the newest and most potent antibiotic drugs. Unfortunately, many of them have potent side effects as well. The key points are to select the correct antibiotic drug with least potential side effects and make sure the patient finishes the entire course of therapy. http://acupuncturetoday.com/mpacms/at/article.php?id=31958 Antibiotics versus herbs Traditional medicine may be especially advantageous with modern complicated conditions where "bugs," "super-bugs," and "super-super-bugs" come in so many different forms that a single antibiotic fails to deal with them. The proper use of herbal formulas can not only inhibit bacterial, viral and fungal infections, but also minimize the need for antibiotics with their adverse side effects. TB and MRSA……. http://www.tcmpage.com/hpinfections.html Antibiotics derived from herbs herbs and herbal formulas are also extremely effective for treatment of various infections. In fact, most modern pharmaceutical drugs were originally derived from natural sources, including penicillin (the oldest antibiotic) and gentimicin (one of the most potent). One of the main benefits of using herbs is their wide spectrum of antibiotic effect, with indications for bacterial and viral infections. Furthermore, most of these herbs are extremely safe, and do not have the same harsh side effects as drugs. http://acupuncturetoday.com/mpacms/at/article.php?id=31958 Comparison between herbs and antibiotics In summary, both drugs and herbs are effective to treat mild to moderate cases of bacterial infections. However, because drugs are more immediately potent and can be prescribed with more laboratory precision (via cultures and sensitivity tests), they are more appropriate for life-threatening infections, such as meningitis or encephalitis, or mutant strains of bacteria, such as beta-lactam-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). On the other hand, use of herbs is far more effective than drugs for treating certain viral infections, such as the common cold and influenza. Most importantly, herbs are much gentler to the body and safer than drugs. In other words, herbs treat infection without damaging the patient's underlying constitution. This allows the patient to recover faster and become more resistant to secondary or re-current infections. http://acupuncturetoday.com/mpacms/at/article.php?id=31958 Some herbs in Infectious diseases This article does not intend to diminish the role of antibiotics in any sense. But, when antibiotics do not work and their prolonged use causes side effects, Traditional herbal medicine can be a very useful option. http://www.tcmpage.com/hpinfections.html Therapeutic effect of Herbs Many of the bitter and cold herbs and formulas used to treat these warm and hot diseases are recognized today to have remarkable antibiotic effects.7 Wen Bing Tiao Bian (Systematic Differentiation of Warm Disease) by Wu Tang, 1798. Classic formulas with immuno-stimulant effect10 Shi Quan Da Bu Tang (All-Inclusive Great Tonifying Decoction)11 Ren Shen Yang Ying Tang (Ginseng Decoction to Nourish the Nutritive Qi)12 Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang (Tonify the Middle and Augment the Qi Decoction)13 10-Chen J, Chen T. Clinical Manual of Oriental Medicine 2nd Edition. City of Industry, Calif.: Lotus Institute of Integrative Medicine. 11-Chen J. Chen T. Chinese Herbal Formulas and Applications. City of Industry, Calif.: Art of Medicine Press, 2009. 12-Guo Wai Yi Xue Zhong Yi Zhong Yao Fen Ce (Monograph of Chinese Herbology from Foreign Medicine), 1992;14(2):52. 13-Zhong Yi Fang Ji Xian Dai Yan Jiu (Modern Study of Medical Formulae in Traditional Chinese Medicine), 1997;520-1. Herbs with immuno-stimulant effect16 dong chong xia cao (Cordyceps)17 ren shen (Radix et rhizoma ginseng)18 dang shen (Radix codonopsis)19 huang qi (Radix astragali)20 bai zhu (Rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae)21 16-Chen J, Chen T. Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology. City of Industry, Calif.: Art of Medicine Press, 2004. 17-Shang Hai Yi Yao Za Zhi (Shanghai Journal of Medicine and Herbology), 1988;1:48. 18-Zhong Yao Xue (Chinese Herbology), 1998;729:736. 19-Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi (Journal of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine), 1985;5(8):487. 20-Biol Pharm Bull, 1977;20(11):1178-82. 21-Xin Yi Yao Xue Za Zhi (New Journal of Medicine and Herbology), 1979;6:60. Classic formulas with antibiotic effect23 Yin Qiao San (Honeysuckle and Forsythia Powder)24 Huang Lian Jie Du Tang (Coptis Decoction to Relieve Toxicity)25 Long Dan Xie Gan Tang (Gentiana Decoction to Drain the Liver)26 23-Chen J, Chen T. Chinese Herbal Formulas and Applications. City of Industry, Calif.: Art of Medicine Press, 2009. 24-Zhong Cheng Yao (Study of Chinese Patent Medicine), 1990;12(1):22. 25-Hu Bei Zhong Yi Za Zhi (Hubei Journal of Chinese Medicine), 1981;4:30. 26-Zhong Yao Yao Li Du Li Yu Lin Chuang (Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Applications of Chinese Herbs), 1991;1:5. Herbs with antibacterial effect29 bai tou weng (Radix pulsatillae)30 chuan xin lian (Herba andrographis)31 huang lian (Rhizoma coptidis)32,33 hu zhang (Rhizoma et radix polygoni cuspidati)34 huang bo (Cortex phellodendri chinensis)35 huang qin (Radix scutellariae)36 ku shen (Radix sophorae flavescentis)37 pu gong ying (Herba taraxaci)38 shan dou gen (Radix et rhizoma sophorae tonkinensis)39 Herbs with antiviral effect ban lan gen (Radix isatidis)40 da qing ye (Folium isatidis)41 jin yin hua (Flos lonicerae japonicae)42 lian qiao (Fructus forsythiae)43 ye ju hua (Flos chrysanthemi Indici)44 upper respiratory infections Licorice (Gan Cao), Bamboo Leaf (Dan Zhu Ye), Honeysuckle and forsythia, which are the leading herbs in Cold and Flu Formula, have a strong inhibitory effect against many pathogenic bacteria such as streptococcus and staphylococcus. Clinical studies have also proven the effectiveness of many other standard herbal formulas (see box) in dealing with upper respiratory infections. http://www.tcmpage.com/hpinfections.html upper respiratory infections. Commonly Used Herbal Formulas for Upper Respiratory Infections , Cinnamon Decoction (Gui Zhi Tang), http://www.tcmpage.com/hpinfections.html پنيرك، گل خطمي،بنفشه سه رنگ Diarrhea Antibiotics can be very effective if the diarrhea is caused by certain bacteria, but bacteria are not the only cause of diarrhea. Gastroenteritis symptoms can also be caused by parasites, amoebas, toxins, certain medications, and even food allergies, so antibiotics are not always effective. When people are looking for a preventive treatment, I always recommend herbs. One of the most important herbs for dealing with these problems is coptis (huang lian). Many studies have shown that coptis strongly inhibits many bacteria such as shigella, salmonella, and other bacteria that cause dysentery. Salmonella is the most common bacterium in the United States that can cause gastroenteritis and typhoid fever. Diarrhea Coptis is traditionally used for clearing Damp Heat in the stomach or intestines. Besides its inhibitory effect on bacteria such as shigella and salmonella, coptis has also been scientifically proven to have a strong inhibitory effect on streptococcal infections and staphylococcal infections. Studies also show that coptis is effective against some bacteria that have developed resistance to the antibiotics streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and oxytetracycline hydrochloride. Coptis is also the leading natural herb for combating serious viral and fungal infections in traditional Chinese medicine. Urinary Tract Infections Urinary tract infections including bladder infections, urethral infections, and kidney infections account for ten million visits to the doctor annually, and are second only to respiratory infections in frequency. Women are more prone to urinary tract infections than men. They are among the most common health problems for women, increasing in frequency as a woman goes through menopause. Statistically, twenty percent of women who have had a urinary tract infection will develop a second infection. A variety of standard antibiotics such as Trimpex, Bactrim, Amoxil, and Macrodatin are the medications most often prescribed for urinary tract infections by conventional medicine practitioners. http://www.tcmpage.com/hpinfections.html Urinary Tract Infections Herbs like Klause is effective in prevention. پند اول بوقلمونی ،گاوی بديد و بگفت :در آرزوی پروازم اما چگونه ، ندانم گاو پاسخ داد :گر ز تپاله من خوری قدرت بر بالهايت فتد و پرواز كنی بوقلمون خورد و بر شاخی نشست تيراندازی ماهر ،بوقلمون بر درخت بديد تيری بر آن نگون بخت بينداخت و هالكش نمود. نتيجه اخالقی با خوردن هر گندی شايد به باال رسی ،ليك در باال نمانی پند دوم . گنجشكی از سرمای بسيار قدرت پرواز از كف بداد و در برف افتاد . گاوی گذر همی كرد و تپاله بر وی انداخت . گنجشك ز گرمای تپاله جان بگرفت و به آواز مشغول شد . گربه ای آواز بشنيد ،جست و گنجشك بدندان بگرفت و بخورد نتيجه اخالقی پند سوم خرگوش از كالغی بر سر شاخه پرسيد كه آيا من نيز ميتوانم چون تو نشسته ،كار نكنم؟ كالغ پاسخ داد :چرا كه نه خرگوش بنشست بی حركت .روباهی از ره رسيد و خرگوش بخورد نتيجه اخالقی .الزمه نشستن و كار نكردن باال نشستن است