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UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGY
10TH EDITION
By Robert Feldman
Powerpoint slides by Kimberly Foreman
Revised for 10th Ed by Cathleen Hunt
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Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
 CHAPTER
FOURTEEN:
HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY: STRESS,
COPING, AND WELL-BEING
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 Health
Psychology
› Investigates the psychological factors related to
wellness and illness, including the prevention,
diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems
 Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
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MODULE 43: Stress and Coping
 How
is health psychology a union between
medicine and psychology?
 What
is stress, how does it affect us, and
how can we best cope with it?
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Stress:
Reacting to Threat and Challenge
 People’s
response to events that threaten or
challenge them
› Stressors
 Circumstances and events in life
 Stressors produce threats to our well-being
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The Nature of Stressors:
My Stress Is Your Pleasure
 Categorizing
Stressors – 3 Categories
› Cataclysmic events
 Occur suddenly and typically affect many people
simultaneously
› Personal stressors
 Major life events
 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
› Background stressors (i.e., daily hassles)
 Hassles vs. uplifts
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Hassles vs. Uplifts
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The Nature of Stressors:
My Stress Is Your Pleasure
 The
High Cost of Stress
› Both biological and psychological consequences
› Psychophysiological disorders
 Formerly known as “psychosomatic disorders”
 Actual medical problems that are influenced by an
interaction of psychological, emotional, and
physical difficulties
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How Stressful Is Your Life?
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The Nature of Stressors:
My Stress Is Your Pleasure
 The
General Adaptation Syndrome Model:
The Course of Stress
› Physiological response to stress follows the same
set pattern regardless of the cause of stress
 Three phases:
 Alarm and mobilization
 Resistance
 Exhaustion
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Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
The Nature of Stressors:
My Stress Is Your Pleasure
 Psychoneuroimmunology
(PNI)
› PNI focuses on the outcomes of stress
› 3 main consequences of stress:
 Physiological results
 Harmful behaviors
 Indirect health-related behaviors
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Coping with Stress
 Efforts
to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate
the threats that lead to stress
› Categories
 Emotion-focused coping
 Managing emotions in the face of stress, seeking to
change the way one feels about or perceives a problem
 Problem-focused coping
 Attempting to modify the stressful problem or source of
stress
 Avoidant Coping
 Least effective
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Coping with Stress
 Learned
Helplessness
› Occurs when people conclude that unpleasant or
aversive stimuli cannot be controlled
› Experience more physical symptoms and
depression
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Coping with Stress
 Coping
Styles: The Hardy Personality
› Hardiness
 Characteristic associated with a lower rate of
stress-related illness
 Three components:
 Commitment
 Challenge
 Control
 Resilience
 Ability to withstand, overcome, and thrive after profound
diversity
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Coping with Stress
 Social
Support: Turning to Others
› Knowledge that we are part of a mutual network
of caring, interested others
› Enables us to experience lower levels of stress
and be better able to cope with stress we do
undergo
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Coping with Stress
 Effective
Coping Strategies
› Turn a threat into a challenge
› Make a threatening situation less threatening
› Change your goals
› Take physical action
 Biofeedback
 Exercise
› Prepare for stress before it happens
 Proactive coping
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MODULE 44: Psychological Aspects
of Illness and Well-Being
 How
do psychological factors affect healthrelated problems such as coronary heart
disease, cancer, and smoking?
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MODULE 44: Psychological Aspects
of Illness and Well-Being
 Type A behavior
pattern
› Cluster of behaviors involving hostility,
competitiveness, time urgency, and feeling driven
 Type
B behavior pattern
› Characterized by a patient, cooperative,
noncompetitive, and nonaggressive manner
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Psychological Aspects of Cancer


Emotional responses of cancer patients to their
disease may affect its course
Some psychological therapies have the potential
for improving quality of life and even extending
the lives of cancer patients
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Smoking
 Why People Smoke
› Heredity
› Genetics
› Environmental factors
 Seen as “cool”
 Media exposure
 A “rite of passage”
 Quitting Smoking
› Nicotine replacement drugs
› Behavioral strategies
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MODULE 45:
Promoting Health and Wellness
 How
do our interactions with physicians affect
our health and compliance with medical
treatment?
 How
does a sense of well-being develop?
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Following Medical Advice
 Noncompliance
› Result of reactance
 Negative emotional and cognitive reaction that
results from the restriction of one’s freedom
 Creative
Nonadherence
› Adjusting a treatment prescribed by a physician,
relying on one’s own medical judgment and
experience
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Communicating Effectively with
Health-Care Providers
 Make
a list of health-related concerns before
your visit
 Before visit write down names and dosages
of all medications
 Determine whether your provider will
communicate via e-mail
 If you feel intimidated, bring along an
advocate who can help you communicate
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Following Medical Advice
 Increasing
Compliance with Advice
› Provide clear instructions to patients regarding
drug regimens
› Honesty about nature of medical problems and
treatments
› Positively framed messages
 Change in behavior will lead to a gain
› Negatively framed messages
 Highlight what can be lost by not performing a
behavior
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Well-Being and Happiness
 Subjective
Well-Being
› People’s evaluations of their lives in terms of both
their thoughts and their emotions
 Characteristics of happy people
 Have high self-esteem
 Positive illusions
 Have a firm sense of control
 Are optimistic
 Men and women are generally made happy by the same
sorts of activities – but not always
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 Like to be around other people
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Well-Being and Happiness

Does Money Buy
Happiness?
› Set points for happiness
› Most people’s set point
is relatively high
 30% rate selves as
“very happy”
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