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UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGY 10TH EDITION By Robert Feldman Powerpoint slides by Kimberly Foreman Revised for 10th Ed by Cathleen Hunt 1 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 CHAPTER FOURTEEN: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY: STRESS, COPING, AND WELL-BEING 2 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 Health Psychology › Investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) 3 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 MODULE 43: Stress and Coping How is health psychology a union between medicine and psychology? What is stress, how does it affect us, and how can we best cope with it? 4 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 Stress: Reacting to Threat and Challenge People’s response to events that threaten or challenge them › Stressors Circumstances and events in life Stressors produce threats to our well-being 5 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 The Nature of Stressors: My Stress Is Your Pleasure Categorizing Stressors – 3 Categories › Cataclysmic events Occur suddenly and typically affect many people simultaneously › Personal stressors Major life events Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) › Background stressors (i.e., daily hassles) Hassles vs. uplifts Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 6 Hassles vs. Uplifts 7 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 The Nature of Stressors: My Stress Is Your Pleasure The High Cost of Stress › Both biological and psychological consequences › Psychophysiological disorders Formerly known as “psychosomatic disorders” Actual medical problems that are influenced by an interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties 8 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 How Stressful Is Your Life? 9 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 The Nature of Stressors: My Stress Is Your Pleasure The General Adaptation Syndrome Model: The Course of Stress › Physiological response to stress follows the same set pattern regardless of the cause of stress Three phases: Alarm and mobilization Resistance Exhaustion 10 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 The Nature of Stressors: My Stress Is Your Pleasure Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) › PNI focuses on the outcomes of stress › 3 main consequences of stress: Physiological results Harmful behaviors Indirect health-related behaviors 11 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 Coping with Stress Efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress › Categories Emotion-focused coping Managing emotions in the face of stress, seeking to change the way one feels about or perceives a problem Problem-focused coping Attempting to modify the stressful problem or source of stress Avoidant Coping Least effective Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 12 Coping with Stress Learned Helplessness › Occurs when people conclude that unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlled › Experience more physical symptoms and depression 13 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 Coping with Stress Coping Styles: The Hardy Personality › Hardiness Characteristic associated with a lower rate of stress-related illness Three components: Commitment Challenge Control Resilience Ability to withstand, overcome, and thrive after profound diversity Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 14 Coping with Stress Social Support: Turning to Others › Knowledge that we are part of a mutual network of caring, interested others › Enables us to experience lower levels of stress and be better able to cope with stress we do undergo 15 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 Coping with Stress Effective Coping Strategies › Turn a threat into a challenge › Make a threatening situation less threatening › Change your goals › Take physical action Biofeedback Exercise › Prepare for stress before it happens Proactive coping Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 16 MODULE 44: Psychological Aspects of Illness and Well-Being How do psychological factors affect healthrelated problems such as coronary heart disease, cancer, and smoking? 17 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 MODULE 44: Psychological Aspects of Illness and Well-Being Type A behavior pattern › Cluster of behaviors involving hostility, competitiveness, time urgency, and feeling driven Type B behavior pattern › Characterized by a patient, cooperative, noncompetitive, and nonaggressive manner 18 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 Psychological Aspects of Cancer Emotional responses of cancer patients to their disease may affect its course Some psychological therapies have the potential for improving quality of life and even extending the lives of cancer patients 19 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 Smoking Why People Smoke › Heredity › Genetics › Environmental factors Seen as “cool” Media exposure A “rite of passage” Quitting Smoking › Nicotine replacement drugs › Behavioral strategies Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 20 MODULE 45: Promoting Health and Wellness How do our interactions with physicians affect our health and compliance with medical treatment? How does a sense of well-being develop? 21 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 Following Medical Advice Noncompliance › Result of reactance Negative emotional and cognitive reaction that results from the restriction of one’s freedom Creative Nonadherence › Adjusting a treatment prescribed by a physician, relying on one’s own medical judgment and experience 22 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 Communicating Effectively with Health-Care Providers Make a list of health-related concerns before your visit Before visit write down names and dosages of all medications Determine whether your provider will communicate via e-mail If you feel intimidated, bring along an advocate who can help you communicate Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 23 Following Medical Advice Increasing Compliance with Advice › Provide clear instructions to patients regarding drug regimens › Honesty about nature of medical problems and treatments › Positively framed messages Change in behavior will lead to a gain › Negatively framed messages Highlight what can be lost by not performing a behavior Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 24 Well-Being and Happiness Subjective Well-Being › People’s evaluations of their lives in terms of both their thoughts and their emotions Characteristics of happy people Have high self-esteem Positive illusions Have a firm sense of control Are optimistic Men and women are generally made happy by the same sorts of activities – but not always 25 Like to be around other people Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 Well-Being and Happiness Does Money Buy Happiness? › Set points for happiness › Most people’s set point is relatively high 30% rate selves as “very happy” 26 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011