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Describes how Mendelian inheritance preserves genetic variation from one generation to the next in populations that are not evolving Population whose allele and genotype frequencies do not change Not undergoing evolutionary change Provides a mathematical model by which to assess whether a population is in equilibrium Frequency of alleles range from 0-1. Dominant allele represented by p Recessive allele represented by q p + q must = 1 p + q = 1 can be expanded to describe the relationships of allele frequencies to genotype frequencies in a population (p + q)2 = 12 p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 p2 is homozygous dominant individuals in a population 2pq is heterozygous q2 is homozygous recessive Allele frequencies: p or q Only begin with this is you are given allele % If not, you must calculate Genotype frequencies: p2, 2pq, or q2 You will most likely be given phenotype frequencies p2 + 2pq = dominant phenotypes q2 = recessive phenotype/genotype Always begin Hardy-Weinberg calculations by determining the frequency of homozygous recessive genotype Ex. If 90/1000 individuals are homozygous recessive, then q2 = 90/1000 = 0.09 if q2 = 0.09, then q = 0.3 If q = 0.3, then p = 1 – 0.3 = 0.7 From there, you can calculate the frequency of homozygous dominant individuals p2 = 0.7 x 0.7 = 0.49 Then you can calculate the frequency of heterozygous individuals 2 pq = 2 x 0.7 x 0.3 = 0.42 In a given gene pool of wildflowers, 80% of the alleles are red (R) and 20% are the alleles are white (r). If the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what will be the genotype frequencies for: Homozygous dominant individuals Heterozygous individuals Homozygous recessive individuals One out of every 10,000 babies in the US is born with the metabolic disorder PKU, caused by a recessive allele. Using the H-W principle, what is the frequency of carriers, heterozygous individuals who do not have the disease, but may pass it on to their offspring? Gives us a basis of comparison over successive generations If allele or genotype frequencies deviate from the values predicted by Hardy-Weinberg principle, the population is evolving MICROEVOLUTION Random No mating net mutations Large population size No migration No natural selection