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Answers:
1. The four types of
drugs are: antidepressants,
antipsychotics,
antianxiety
drugs,and lithium
carbonate. 
2. The biological
approach
assumes that
there is a
biological cause to
the problem. 
3. Possible answers include:
depression, schizophrenia,
anxiety, psychosomatic
disorders, obsessive-compulsive
disorder, and bipolar disorder.
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display the answers.
Reader’s Guide
Main Idea
– Biological approaches to treatment rely on
methods such as medications, electric shock,
and surgery to help clients. 
Objectives
– Explain biological approaches to treatment. 
– Give examples of treatment medicines and
their effects on patients.
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information. Section 4 begins on page 506 of your textbook.
Reader’s Guide (cont.)
Vocabulary
– drug therapy 
– antipsychotic drugs 
– antidepressants 
– lithium carbonate 
– antianxiety drugs 
– electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) 
– psychosurgery 
– prefrontal lobotomy
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to listen to Exploring
Psychology.
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information. Section 4 begins on page 506 of your textbook.
Introduction
• Some experts believe that biological
therapies, such as medications, should
be reserved for people who fail to
respond to psychotherapy. 
• Other experts believe that a combination
of psychotherapy and biological therapy is
the answer for many patients.
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Biological Therapy
• Biological approaches to treatment assume
there is an underlying physiological reason
for the psychological disorder. 
• Biological therapy uses methods such as
medication, electric shock, and surgery to
help people with psychological disorders. 
• Since these treatments are medical in
nature, physicians or psychiatrists must
administer them.
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Drug Therapy
• The most widely used biological therapy
for psychological disorders is drug
therapy. 
• Drug therapy involves four main types of
medications: antipsychotic drugs,
antidepressant drugs, lithium, and
antianxiety drugs. 
• Often, drugs treat only the symptoms; drug
therapy does not remove the causes of the
disorder.
drug therapy
biological therapy that uses
medications
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Drug Therapy (cont.)
Antipsychotic Drugs
• Today patients with schizophrenia are
usually prescribed antipsychotic drugs. 
• These medicines inhibit dopamine
receptor sites. 
• While these drugs reduce the symptoms
of schizophrenia, there can be unpleasant
side effects, such as muscular rigidity,
impaired coordination, and tremors.
antipsychotic drugs
medication to reduce
agitation, delusions, and
hallucinations by blocking
the activity of dopamine in
the brain; tranquilizers
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Drug Therapy (cont.)
Antidepressant Drugs
• Another class of drugs, called
antidepressants, relieves depression. 
• These drugs are also used for cases of
anxiety, phobias, and obsessivecompulsive disorders. 
• Antidepressants may have unpleasant
side effects, such as dizziness, fatigue,
forgetfulness, and weight gain.
antidepressants
medication to treat major
depression by increasing the
amount of one or both of the
neurotransmitters non
adrenaline and serotonin
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Drug Therapy (cont.)
Lithium Carbide
• The chemical lithium carbonate is widely
used to return manic-depressive people to
a state of equilibrium in which extreme
mood swings disappear. 
• Lithium is a natural chemical element that
controls levels of norepinephrine. 
• Lithium can cause side effects if it is not
administered under proper medical
supervision.
lithium carbonate
a chemical used to treat mood
swings of bipolar disorder
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Drug Therapy (cont.)
Antianxiety Drugs
• Commonly known as sedatives or mild
tranquilizers, antianxiety drugs are used
to reduce excitability and cause
drowsiness. 
• These drugs are effective for helping
normal people cope with difficult periods
in their lives.
antianxiety drugs
medication that relieves
anxiety and panic disorders
by depressing the activity of
the central nervous system
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Drug Therapy (cont.)
Antianxiety Drugs
• They are also prescribed for the
alleviation of various anxiety-based
symptoms, psychosomatic problems,
and symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. 
• These drugs do reduce anxiety but the
best use seems to be not for chronic
anxiety but for dealing with acute (onetime) anxiety (Mellinger, Balter, &
Uhlenhuth, 1985).
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Electroconvulsive Therapy
• “Shock treatment,” as electroconvulsive
therapy (ECT) is commonly called, has
proved extremely effective in the
treatment of severe depression, although
no one understands exactly how it works
(Kalinowsky, 1975). 
• It involves administering, over several
weeks, a series of brief electrical shocks.
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
an electrical shock is sent
through the brain to try to
reduce the symptoms of
mental distrurbance
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Electroconvulsive Therapy (cont.)
• The shock induces a convulsion in the
brain similar to an epileptic seizure that
may last up to a minute. 
• As it is now applied, electroconvulsive
therapy entails very little discomfort for the
patient. 
• Even with these improvements, however,
electroconvulsive therapy is a drastic
treatment and must be used with great
caution.
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Psychosurgery
• Brain surgery that is performed to treat
psychological disorders is called
psychosurgery. 
• The most common operation–prefrontal
lobotomy–involves destruction of the
front portion of the brain, just behind the
forehead.
psychosurgery
surgery that destroys part
of the brain to make the
patient calmer and freer
of symptoms
prefrontal lobotomy
a radical form of psychotherapy
in which a section of the frontal
lobe of the brain is severed or
destroyed
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Psychosurgery (cont.)
• This part of the brain, the frontal lobe,
contains most of the nerve connections
that control a person’s emotions. 
• The practice of prefrontal lobotomies
decreased significantly, though, when
newly developed drugs offered alternative
treatments in the mid-1950s. 
• At the same time, mounting evidence
appeared that showed that lobotomized
patients showed an inability to plan. 
• Today the use of psychosurgery is
controversial and rare.
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Deinstitutionalization
Figure 4-1
Section Assessment
Review the Vocabulary Describe
how antipsychotic drugs,
antidepressants, and antianxiety
drugs work as therapy.
These approaches to treatment
assume that there is an underlying
physiological reason for the disturbed
behavior. They treat only the
symptoms of the disorders; they do
not remove the causes of the
disorders.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Section
4-Assessment
3
Recall Information Why is
psychosurgery controversial?
Why is it used?
It cannot be reversed and may have
unintended results . It may be used in
extreme cases that have not
responded to other forms of
treatment.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Section
4-Assessment
4
Think Critically Describe a
situation in which you believe a
therapist would suggest biological
therapy involving psychosurgery
for a patient.
A person who has lost contact with
reality and cannot obtain insight from
psychotherapy or a person who is
suicidal or has a severe psychological
disorder and has not responded to
psychotherapy or drug therapy may be
a candidate for psychosurgery.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Section
4-Assessment
Close
Compare the effectiveness of
biological therapies to other forms
of treatment discussed in the
chapter.
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to display the answer.
End of Section 4
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