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Myers’ Psychology for AP* Unit 13: Therapies David G. Myers Some PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, © 2010 *AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. OBJECTIVES: The student will know and understand the Treatment of Psychological Disorders discusses intervention methods, including psychotherapy and medical interventions, that mental health practitioners use in treating abnormal conditions. The student should be able to: 1)discuss the aims and methods of psychoanalysis and explain the critics’ concerns with this form of therapy noting how psychodynamic therapists have tried to answer the criticisms. 2) Identify the basic characteristics of the humanistic therapies as well as the specific goals and techniques of client-centered therapy. 3) Identify the basic assumptions of behavior therapy, and discuss the classical conditioning techniques of systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning. 4) Describe therapeutic applications of operant conditioning principles, and explain the critics’ concerns with this behavior modification process. 5) Describe the assumptions and goals of the cognitive therapies and their application to the treatment of depression 6) Discuss the rationale and benefits of group therapy, including family therapy. 7) Discuss the findings regarding the effectiveness of the psychotherapies, and explain why ineffective therapies are often mistakenly perceived to be of value. 8) Describe the commonalities among the psychotherapies, and discuss the role of values and cultural differences in the therapeutic process. 9) Identify the common forms of drug therapy 10) Describe the use of electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery in the treatment of psychological disorders 11) Explain the rationale of preventive mental health programs. Unit 13: Treatment of Psychological Disorders Unit Overview The Psychological Therapies Evaluating Psychotherapies The Biomedical Therapies Preventing Psychological Disorders Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the Introduction History of treatment Philippe Pinel Dorothea Dix Psychotherapy Eclectic approach Philippe Pinel Born: April 20, 1745, Jonquières, Tarn Died: October 25, 1826, Paris Education: University of Toulouse Philippe Pinel was a French physician who was instrumental in the development of a more humane psychological approach to the custody and care of psychiatric patients, referred to today as moral therapy. (Wikipedia) History of Treatment Dorthea Dix (1802-1887) was the first person to call attention to the inhumane treatment of mentally ill patients in the United States. Therapy Psychotherapy an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties (250 types) Eclectic Approach uses techniques from various forms of therapy (biopsychosocial) The Psychological Therapies *Psychoanalytic Therapy (change inside the mind) *Humanistic Therapy (change the way people see themselves) *Behavioral Therapy (change things outside the individual) *Cognitive Therapy (change the way people think and perceive) *Group Therapy (change the way people interact) *Biomedical Therapy (change structure or function of the brain) Psychotherapy Insight Therapies Psychodynamic Therapies Humanistic Therapies Cognitive Therapies Freudian Psychoanalysis Group Therapies Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysis Behavior Therapies Therapies based on operant conditioning Therapies based on classical conditioning Therapies based on observational conditioning A recent APA task force found that therapy is most successful when the therapist provides the Rogerian qualities of empathy, positive regard, genuineness and feedback. *Psychoanalytic Therapy (change inside the mind) Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis Aims of therapy Childhood impulses and conflicts Psychoanalysis Methods Methods Free association Resistance Interpretation of the meaning Dream analysis Transference Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis *Freud *free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences * uses the therapist’s interpretations released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight *use has rapidly decreased in recent years *brings repressed feelings into conscious awareness *Resistance --blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material *joking, changing the subject, mind goes blank Psychoanalysis *Interpretation *the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight *Transference *the patient’s transfer of emotions to the analyst linked with other relationships e.g. love or hatred for a parent Psychoanalysis Psychodynamic Therapy Psychodynamic therapy Aims of psychodynamic therapy Similarities with psychoanalysis Differences with psychoanalysis *Humanistic Therapy (change the way people see themselves) Humanistic Therapies Insight therapies focus more on: the present rather than the past conscious rather than the unconscious taking immediate responsibility promoting growth instead of curing Humanistic Therapies Client-centered therapy Nondirective therapy Genuineness, acceptance, and empathy Active listening Paraphrase Invite clarification Reflect feelings Unconditional positive regard Humanistic Therapy Client-Centered Therapy *humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers *therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment Humanistic Therapy Active Listening (a.k.a: reflection of feeling) empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies *Behavioral Therapy (change things outside the individual) Behavior Therapies Behavior Therapy Classical conditioning techniques Operant conditioning techniques Behavior Therapies Classical Conditioning Therapies Counterconditioning Exposure therapies Systematic desensitization Virtual reality exposure therapy Aversive conditioning Behavior Therapy Behavior Therapy *applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors *Counterconditioning *procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors *based on classical conditioning *includes systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning, exposure therapy Behavior Therapy Exposure Therapy *treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or reality) to the things they fear and avoid Behavior Therapy *Systematic Desensitization *type of counterconditioning *associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli *commonly used to treat phobias *Aversive Conditioning *type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior *nausea ---> alcohol Behavior Therapy Systematic Desensitization Behavior Therapy UCS (drug) Aversion therapy for alcoholics UCR (nausea) CS (alcohol) UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (alcohol) CR (nausea) Behavior Therapy *Token Economy *an operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior *patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats *Cognitive Therapy (change the way people think and perceive) Cognitive Therapies Cognitive therapy Beck’s therapy for depression Catastrophizing beliefs Cognitivebehavioral therapy Cognitive Therapy Cognitive Therapy *teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting *based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions Cognitive Therapy The Cognitive Revolution Cognitive Therapy Lost job Internal beliefs: I’m worthless. It’s hopeless. Depression Lost job A cognitive perspective on psychological disorders Internal beliefs: My boss is a jerk. I deserve something better. No depression Cognitive Therapy Depression scores 30 25 Cognitive therapy for depression Waiting list patients 20 15 10 Cognitive training patients Cognitive training patients much less depressed 5 0 Pre-therapy test Post-therapy test Cognitive Therapy Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy *a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) Cognitive Therapy Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) *Albert Ellis *help eliminate self-defeating though patterns Malajusted individuals base their lives on unrealistic values and unachievable goals. *leads to unrealistic expectations (ALWAYS succeed, ALWAYS be pleasant, ALWAYS receive approval, et.al.) (1913-2007) *Ellis warns, “Don’t “should” on yourself.” PhD: Columbia University Albert Ellis Institute, NYC TWELVE STEP PROGRAMS Twelve-step methods have been adopted to address a wide range of substance-abuse and dependency problems. Over 200 self-help organizations–often known as fellowships— with a worldwide membership of millions—now employ twelve-step principles for recovery. *Narcotics Anonymous *Cocaine Anonymous *Crystal Meth Anonymous *Pills Anonymous *Marijuana Anonymous *Gamblers Anonymous *Overeaters Anonymous *Sexaholics Anonymous *Sexual Compulsives Anonymous *Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous *Clutterers Anonymous *Debtors Anonymous *Workaholics Anonymous TWELVE STEP PROGRAMS Auxiliary groups such as Al-Anon and Nar-Anon, for friends and family members of alcoholics and addicts, respectively, are part of a response to treating addiction as a disease that is enabled by family systems. CoDependents Anonymous (CoDA) addresses compulsions related to relationships, referred to as codependency. (coda.org) TWELVE STEP PROGRAMS These are the original Twelve Steps as published by Alcoholics Anonymous: 1)We admitted we were powerless over alcohol—that our lives had become unmanageable. 2) Came to believe that a Power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity. 3) Made a decision to turn our will and our lives over to the care of God as we understood Him. 4) Made a searching and fearless moral inventory of ourselves. 5) Admitted to God, to ourselves, and to another human being the exact nature of our wrongs. 6) Were entirely ready to have God remove all these defects of character. TWELVE STEP PROGRAMS 7)Humbly asked Him to remove our shortcomings. 8) Made a list of all persons we had harmed, and became willing to make amends to them all. 9) Made direct amends to such people wherever possible, except when to do so would injure them or others. 10) Continued to take personal inventory, and when we were wrong, promptly admitted it. 11) Sought through prayer and meditation to improve our conscious contact with God as we understood Him, praying only for knowledge of His will for us and the power to carry that out. 12) Having had a spiritual awakening as the result of these steps, we tried to carry this message to alcoholics, and to practice these principles in all our affairs *Group Therapy (change the way people interact) Group and Family Therapies Group therapy Family therapy Group Therapies Family Therapy treats the family as a system views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication *Biomedical Therapy (change structure or function of the brain) Introduction Biomedical therapy Drugs Electroconvulsive therapy Magnetic impulses Psychosurgery Psychiatrist Drug Therapies Psychopharmacology Factors to consider with drug therapy Normal recovery rate of untreated patients Placebo effect Double blind procedure Biomedical Therapies Psychopharmacology *study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior *changes the brain’s chemistry Biomedical Therapies ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS (tranquilizers): *suppress hallucinations *cooperative, calm and sociable *reduces activity of neurotransmitter, dopamine *chlorpromazine, haloperidol (block dopamine receptors *clozapine (decreases dopamine activity AND increases serotonin activity) * causes negative side-effects * tardive dyskinesia (incurable disturbance of motor control) *agranulocytosis (blood disease/bone marrow dysfunction) Drug Therapies Antipsychotic Drugs Antipsychotic drugs Psychoses Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) Dopamine Tardive dyskinesia Atypical antipsychotics (Clozaril) Biomedical Therapies ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS: *increases activity of brain pathway messages using norepinephrine and serotonin. *Tricyclic compounds (Tofranil, Elavil) reduce the neuron’s reabsorption of neurotransmitters after they are released *SSRI’s (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) focus on the reuptake of serotonin (Prozac) *MAO (monoamine oxidase) inhibitors limit activity of MAO, a chemical that breaks down norepinephrine in the synapse. *takes a few weeks for antidepressants to take effect. *concern over suicide Drug Therapies Antidepressant Drugs Antidepressant drugs Use with mood and anxiety disorders Fluoxetine (Prozac), Paxil Selective-serotonin-reuptake inhibitors Neurogenesis Side effects of antidepressants Biomedical Therapies Drug Therapies Antidepressant Drugs Biomedical Therapies *Lithium carbonide-- chemical that provides an effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorders *not JUST an antidepressant *toxic in high concentrations Drug Therapies Mood-Stabilizing Medications Mood-stabilizing medications Lithium Depakote Used to treat various seizure disorders, mania, migraines. Biomedical Therapies ANTIANXIETY DRUGS: *reduce stress and anxiety associated with everyday hassles *barbiturates (CNS depressant) can be dangerous *benzodiazepines (increase activity of neurotransmitter, GABA) (Valium, Xanax) *can be addicting *should not be taken for more than a few days at a time *can impair ability to drive, operate machinery or take exams *if combined with alcohol, can lead to unconsciousness or death Drug Therapies Antianxiety Drugs Antianxiety drugs Xanax, Ativan, D-cycloserine Physiological dependence Biomedical Therapies STIMULANTS: *used for treating ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) (Ritalin, Statera, Adderall) *increases availability of dopamine, glutamate and/or serotonin *can slow growth of children Drug Therapies Biomedical Therapies Biomedical Therapies Psychosurgery *surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior *rarely used today *Split-brain operation (severed fibers of corpus collosum reducing seizures for epilepsy patients) *Prefrontal lobotomy (now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients) Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) *therapy for severely depressed patients in which a electric current (75 to 100 volts) is sent briefly (onetenth to a full second) through the brain of an anesthetized patient *creates memory deficits Psychosurgery Psychosurgery Lobotomy History Procedure Side effects Use today Biomedical Therapies Electroconvulsive Therapy -Procedure -Severe depression Problems/si de effects Brain Stimulation Alternative Neurostimulation Therapies Magnetic Stimulation Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulations (rTMS) Deep-Brain Stimulation Brain Stimulation Alternative Neurostimulation Therapies Therapeutic Life-Style Change Integrated biopsychosocial system Therapeutic life-style change Aerobic exercise Adequate sleep Light exposure Social connection Anti-rumination Nutritional supplements Evaluating Psychotherapies Comparison of Psychotherapies Evaluating Psychotherapies Evaluating Psychotherapies Hans Eysenck *British psychologist *controversial claim *2/3 of all people with nonpsychotic problems recover within 2 years whether they get therapy or not. *the discoveries made to refute this claim underscore the importance of REPLICATION in research Evaluating Psychotherapies Regression toward the mean tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average Does Therapy Work? Meta-analysis procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies Number of persons Average untreated person Poor outcome 80% of untreated people have poorer outcomes than average treated person Average psychotherapy client Good outcome CONSENSUS AND CONTROVERSY ON EFFECTIVE THERAPIES: Behavior therapy: specific phobias, enuresis (bedwetting), autism, alcoholism Cognitive-behavioral therapy: chronic pain, anorexia, bulimia, agoraphobia, depression Insight therapy: couples’ relationship problems Is Psychotherapy Effective? Regression toward the mean Client’s perceptions Clinician’s perceptions Outcome research Meta-analysis Placebo treatments The Relative Effectiveness of Different Therapies Evidence-based practice Evaluating Alternative Therapies Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) Light exposure therapy Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) Commonalities Among Psychotherapies Hope for demoralized people A new perspective An empathic, trusting, caring relationship Culture and Values in Psychotherapy Similarities between cultures Differences between cultures *Types of Therapists *Clinical Psychologists *Clinical Social Worker *Psychiatric Social Worker *Counselors (marriage, pastoral, abuse) *Psychiatrist Types of Therapists Who Does Therapy? To whom do people turn for help for psychological difficulties? Many people look to friends, clergy, hairdressers, bartenders, and others with whom they have a trusting relationship Most mental problems result from lost jobs, difficult marriages, misbehaving children, friendships gone sour, loved ones dying……..things involving chaos, confusion, choice, frustration, stress, and loss. Who Does Therapy? Clinical psychologists Most are psychologists with a Ph.D. and expertise in research, assessment, and therapy, supplemented by a supervised internship. About half work in agencies and institutions, half in private practice. Who Does Therapy? Clinical or Psychiatric social worker *A two-year Master of Social Work graduate program plus postgraduate supervision prepares some social workers to offer psychotherapy, mostly to people with everyday personal and family problems. *About half have earned the National Association of Social Workers’ designation of clinical social worker. Who Does Therapy? Counselors *Marriage and family counselors specialize in problems arising from family relations. *Pastoral counselors provide counseling to countless people. *Abuse counselors work with substance abusers and with spouse and child abusers and their victims. Who Does Therapy? Psychiatrists *Physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders. *Not all psychiatrists have had extensive training in psychotherapy, but as M.D.s they can prescribe medications. Thus, they tend to see those with the most serious problems. *Many have a private practice. Preventing Psychological Disorders Preventing Psychological Disorders Resilience Preventing psychological disorders QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW RECALL 1) People in collectivist cultures are likely to view mental disorders as a symptom of something wrong in a) The unconscious mind b) A person’s behavior, rather than in the mind c) A person’s relationship with family or community d) A person’s character e) A person’s attitude RECALL 2) A therapist, but not necessarily a friend, can be relied on to a) maintain confidentiality b) give you good advice c) offer sympathy when you are feeling depressed d) be available when needed e) all of the above APPLICATION 3) Which of the following therapists would be most likely to treat an unwanted response, such as nail biting, as merely a bad habit, rather than as a symptom of an underlying disorder? a) A psychoanalyst b) A psychologist c) An insight therapist d) A group therapist e) A behavioral therapist UNDERSTANDING THE CORE CONCEPT 4) In what respect are all therapies alike? a) All may be legally administered only by licensed, trained professionals b) All make use of insight into a patient’s problems c) All involve the aim of altering the mind, behavior, or social relationships d) All focus on discovering the underlying cause of the patient’s problem, which is often hidden in the unconscious mind e) All involve a change in an individual’s behavior RECALL 5) Counterconditioning is based on the principles of a) Operant conditioning b) Classical conditioning c) Social learning d) Cognitive learning e) Observational learning APPLICATION 6) You could use contingency management to change the behavior of a child who comes home late for dinner by a) Pairing food with punishment b) Having the child observe someone else coming home on time and being rewarded c) Pairing food with rewards d) Having the child relax and imagine being home on time for dinner e) Refusing to let the child have dinner RECALL 7) A primary goal of psychoanalysis is to a) Change behavior b) Reveal problems in the unconscious c) Overcome low self-esteem d) Help the client learn how to get along with others e) Alter interior thought processes RECALL 8) Carl Rogers invented a technique to help people see their own thinking more clearly. Using this technique, the therapist paraphrases the client’s statements. Rogers called this a) Client-centered therapy b) Reflection of feeling c) Unconditional positive regard d) Self-actualization e) Analysis RECALL 9) Which form of therapy directly confronts a client’s self-defeating thought patterns? a) Humanistic therapy b) Behavioral therapy c) Participant therapy d) Psychoanalytical therapy e) Rational-emotive behavior therapy RECALL 10) Eysenck caused a furor with his claim that people who receive psychotherapy a) Are just looking for a paid friend b) Really should seek medical treatment for their disorders c) Are usually just pampered rich people who have nothing better to do with their lives d) Get better no more often than people who receive no therapy at all e) Respond only to psychoanalysis UNDERSTANDING THE CORE CONCEPT 11) A phobia would be best treated by ____, whereas a problem of choosing a major would be better suited for ____. a) Behavioral therapy/insight therapy b) Cognitive therapy/psychoanalysis c) Insight therapy/behavioral therapy d) Humanistic therapy/behavioral therapy e) Psychoanalysis/humanistic therapy RECALL 12) Which class of drug blocks dopamine receptors in the brain? a) Antipsychotics b) Antidepressants c) Antianxiety drugs d) Stimulants e) depressants RECALL 13) A controversial treatment for attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder involves a) Antipsychotics b) Antidepressants c) Antianxiety drugs d) Stimulants e) Depressants RECALL 14) Which of the following medical treatments for mental disorder has now been largely abandoned as ineffective and dangerous? a) Electroconvulsive therapy b) Lithium c) Prefrontal lobotomy d) The “split-brain” operation e) antipsychotics RECALL 15) The community mental health movement followed a deliberate plan of _____ mental patients. a) Hospitalizing b) Deinstitutionalizing c) Administering insight therapy to d) Removing stressful events in the lives of e) lobotomizing UNDERSTANDING THE CORE CONCEPT 16) Drug therapies, psychosurgery, and ECT are all methods of treating mental disorder a) By changing the chemistry in the body b) By removing stress in the patient’s life c) That always succeed d) That have no scientific basis e) By directly altering the function of the brain. MATCHING A) Psychoanalysis F) Psychoparmacology B) Client-centered therapy G) REBT C) Cognitive therapy H) Antianxiety drugs D) Behavior therapy I) Stimulant E) Aversion therapy D ______ 17. This therapy is essentially based on operant and classical conditioning. MATCHING A) Psychoanalysis F) Psychoparmacology B) Client-centered therapy G) REBT C) Cognitive therapy H) Antianxiety drugs D) Behavior therapy I) Stimulant E) Aversion therapy F ______ 18. This therapy involves the prescribed use of drugs to help treat symptoms of mental illness so that individuals are more receptive to talk therapies. MATCHING A) Psychoanalysis F) Psychoparmacology B) Client-centered therapy G) REBT C) Cognitive therapy H) Antianxiety drugs D) Behavior therapy I) Stimulant E) Aversion therapy B ______ 19. This therapy emphasizes an individual’s tendency for healthy psychological growth. MATCHING A) Psychoanalysis F) Psychoparmacology B) Client-centered therapy G) REBT C) Cognitive therapy H) Antianxiety drugs D) Behavior therapy I) Stimulant E) Aversion therapy H ______ 20. This is the category of drugs that includes benzodiazepines and barbituates. MATCHING A) Psychoanalysis F) Psychoparmacology B) Client-centered therapy G) REBT C) Cognitive therapy H) Antianxiety drugs D) Behavior therapy I) Stimulant E) Aversion therapy G ______ 21. This type of therapy is based on Albert Ellis’s form of cognitive therapy. MATCHING A) Psychoanalysis F) Psychoparmacology B) Client-centered therapy G) REBT C) Cognitive therapy H) Antianxiety drugs D) Behavior therapy I) Stimulant E) Aversion therapy A ______ 22. The goal of this therapy is to release conflicts and memories from the unconscious. MATCHING A) Psychoanalysis F) Psychoparmacology B) Client-centered therapy G) REBT C) Cognitive therapy H) Antianxiety drugs D) Behavior therapy I) Stimulant E) Aversion therapy E ______ 23. This therapy pairs an attractive stimulus with an aversive one in order to condition revulsion. MATCHING A) Psychoanalysis F) Psychoparmacology B) Client-centered therapy G) REBT C) Cognitive therapy H) Antianxiety drugs D) Behavior therapy I) Stimulant E) Aversion therapy I ______ 24. Chemical compounds that increase activity level by encouraging communication among neurons in the brain. MATCHING A) Psychoanalysis F) Psychoparmacology B) Client-centered therapy G) REBT C) Cognitive therapy H) Antianxiety drugs D) Behavior therapy I) Stimulant E) Aversion therapy C ______ 25. This therapy focuses on rational thinking as the key to treating mental disorders. UNDERSTANDING THE CORE CONCEPT 26) Despite the differences between various types of therapy, all therapeutic strategies are designed to a) make the client feel better about him- or herself. b) help the individual fit better into his or her society c) change the individual’s functioning in some way d) educate the person without interfering with his or her usual patterns of behavior. e) utilize medication in arriving at a final theory. RECALL 27) While professionals with somewhat different training and orientations can provide similar forms of therapy in which all of the following groups are trained practitioners, only ____ on the list below are qualified to prescribe medications for the treatment of mental or behavioral disorders. a) Neuropharmacologists b) Psychiatric social workers c) Psychologists d) Psychotherapists e) Psychiatrists APPLICATION 29) Lola has an irrational fear of speaking in front of others. With the support of her instructor and her entire psychology class, Lola confronts her fear by standing alone in front of her classmates and talking about her phobia. This strategy of placing the individual in the dreaded situation is called a) Exposure therapy b) Catharsis c) Insight therapy d) Social-learning therapy e) Group APPLICATION 30) To teach his young daughter not to be afraid to swim, a father tells her to “Watch me” as he wades into the surf, then rolls with the waves and finally invites her to join him if she wants to try. In behavioral therapy, this technique is known as a) Clinical ecology b) Counterconditioning c) Behavioral rehearsal d) Participant modeling e) Systematic desensitization RECALL 31) A patient finds herself feeling personally fond of her therapist, who reminds her of her father. This is an example of psychoanalytic process known as a) Resistance b) Reaction formation c) Regression d) Negative transference e) Transference RECALL 32) Valium, a drug with a high “abuse potential” is classified as an ___ medication a) Antianxiety b) Antidepressant c) Antipsychotic d) Antihistamine e) Stimulant APPLICATION 33) Which of the following problems might best be corrected through rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)? a) An addicted smoker wants to quit b) A young man has an extreme fear of heights c) An average-weight woman diets constantly, believing that she must be thin in order to have anyone love her d) A patient complains of continual “voices” in his head telling him that people are trying to harm him. e) An elderly male has memory problems. RECALL 34) Which of the following statements about electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is true? a) Proper ECT applies a very strong electric current diretly to a patient’s brain without the need for sedatives or anesthetic medication. b) Some studies have found ECT to be effective in the treatment of severe depression. c) ECT is known to work by increasing the stimulation of a particular neurotransmitter in the brain d) ECT works best with manic patients e) ECT is a sure way to “cure” resistant depression. Show THE MIND #34 Treating Depression: Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) And THE WORLD OF AbNORMAL BEHAVIOR: #22 Psychotherapies