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Women &
Diabetes
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Introduction
• Diabetes is a disease that affects millions of Indians every year. Although
there is no known cure for diabetes, several known treatments can control
this disease.
• The success of any diabetes treatment depends largely on the patient.
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Diabetes, mainly type 2 diabetes is very
common in India. By 2025, India is predicted
to have the most number of diabetics in the
world. Women are as equally affected by
diabetes as men.
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What is Diabetes
The body is made of millions of cells that
need energy to function. The food you eat is
turned into sugar, called glucose. Sugar is
carried to the cells through the blood
stream. It is one of many substances
needed by cells to make energy.
Without energy, all
cells die.
For glucose to enter the cells, 2 conditions
must be present. First, the cells must have
enough "doors," called receptors. Second, a
substance called insulin is needed to
"unlock the receptors." Once these two
conditions are met, glucose enters the cell
and is used by the cell to make energy.
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Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, and was
previously known as juvenile diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the body does not
produce insulin. Insulin is a hormone that needed to convert sugar (glucose),
starches and other food into energy needed for daily life.
Finding out you have diabetes is scary. But don’t panic. Type 1 diabetes is
serious, but people with diabetes can live long, healthy, happy lives.
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Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. In type 2 diabetes,
either the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the
insulin. Insulin is necessary for the body to be able to use glucose for energy.
When you eat food, the body breaks down all of the sugars and starches into
glucose, which is the basic fuel for the cells in the body. Insulin takes the
sugar from the blood into the cells. When glucose builds up in the blood
instead of going into cells, it can cause two problems:
1. Right Away, your cells may be starved for energy.
2. Over time, high blood glucose levels may hurt your eyes, kidneys, nerves
or heart
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Detection of Diabetes
Diabetes is detected when a high level of sugar is detected in a persons blood
or urine. The most reliable test results are obtained when the sugar level in
the blood is checked before any food or liquid is ingested. This is known as a
fasting blood sugar. A range for a normal fasting blood sugar is between 70
and 100 mg/dl.
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Common signs and symptoms
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Excessive thirst
Frequent urination
Excessive Hunger
Weight loss
Fatigue
Changes in vision
Slow-healing cuts or infections
Persistent itching of the skin
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If left untreated, the level of glucose in the blood can become very high,
inducing coma and possibly death. The signs and symptoms depend on when
diabetes is discovered and the type of diabetes.
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Diabetes Treatment Options
Diabetes cannot be cured. Keeping the level of sugar in the blood within its
normal range can, however, control it. The treatment and management of
diabetes varies from patient to patient.
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Type 1 Diabetes Treatment Options
Patients with Type 1 diabetes do not produce insulin. Patients who lack
insulin in their bodies must make certain adjustments in their diet and must
take insulin. Insulin can only be given through injections. These injections may
need to be given several times a day.
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Type 2 Diabetes Treatment Options
Patients with Type 2 diabetes may not need insulin. Diabetes in these patients
is typically controlled with diet and exercise. Sometimes oral medications are
also prescribed. In some cases of Type 2 diabetes, insulin may also be
required.
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Uncontrolled Diabetes
Can Lead To:
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Heart Attack
Kidney Diseases
Nerve Damage
Eye Disease
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Diabetes can be controlled by
A healthy diet may include changing what one eats, in what quantities, and
how often.
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Diabetes can be controlled by
Exercise helps diabetic patients in many ways. It lowers glucose levels, helps
weight loss, and maintains a healthy heart and healthy circulation. In
addition, exercising helps relieve stress and strengthens muscles.
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Diabetes can be controlled by
Blood/urine sugar testing is important in order to find out if the sugar level is
where it should be. If the blood/urine sugar is too low or too high, a change in the
diabetes medication, diet, or exercise plan may be needed. Blood sugar or urine
sugar should be checked at every visit of the diabetic patient.
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Diabetes can be controlled by
In cases of very high blood sugar levels that do not respond to diet and exercise
plans, medications may be needed. If insulin is needed, it can only be injected.
Insulin is needed for all patients with Type 1 diabetes and for some patients with
Type 2 diabetes.
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The three goals of eating right are
• Controlling body weight
• Keeping the level of blood-sugar at a normal level
• Reducing fat in the body
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Hyperglycemia
Hypoglycemia
• When controlling diabetes, blood sugar can become too high or too low.
These conditions should be taken seriously. Fortunately, one can easily reestablish control of blood sugar.
• When there is too much sugar in the blood, this condition is called
hyperglycemia. Hyper is Latin and means "more." Glycemia is also Latin and
means "sugar in the blood."
• Hyperglycemia is caused by eating too much food, eating sugary foods, or by
not taking one’s medication. It can also occur when one is sick. If not
treated, hyperglycemia can lead to a coma.
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Hyperglycemia
Hypoglycemia
• Hypoglycemia occurs when too little sugar is present in the blood. Hypo is
Latin and means "less."
• Hypoglycemia usually occurs with patients who take insulin or other
medications.
• Taking too much insulin can cause it. That is why it is also known as insulin
shock.
• Hypoglycemia can also be caused when the food intake is reduced or a meal
is skipped. . Signs of low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia .
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Hyperglycemia
Hypoglycemia
• If not treated, low blood sugar can lead to fainting or seizures. Diabetics
experience different signs when their blood sugar is low and they learn to
recognize these signs.
• Some patients do not experience any signs when their blood sugar is low.
These patients must depend on blood sugar testing to find out if they have
hypoglycemia..
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Summary
Diabetes management consists of:
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Following a diet plan
Testing blood sugar
Exercising
Taking any prescribed medication on time
Ensuring good hygiene
Learning about diabetes
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Thanks to advances in medicine,
diabetes can be successfully controlled.
The role of the patient is essential in
making a diabetes management plan
succeed.
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Foods to avoid or take in reduced amounts for
diabetics
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SALT: You get enough salt from vegetables in inorganic form, so reduce the intake of extra salt.
SUGAR: Sucrose, a table sugar, provides nothing but calories and carbohydrates. Substitute
sucrose with natural sugar, like honey, jaggery (gur), etc.
FAT: Excessive fat intake is definitely not a good habit. Try and exclude fried items from the diet
But, remember, a small quantity of oil is needed to absorb fat-soluble vitamins, especially
vitamin E.
WHOLE MILK AND PRODUCTS: Try to switch to low fat milk and its products like yogurt (curd).
WHITE FLOUR (MAIDA) AND ITS PRODUCTS: Replace these with whole grains, whole wheat
(ATTA) or soya breads and unpolished rice.
FOODS WITH A HIGH CARBOHYDRATE (SUGAR) CONTENT: Avoid white rice, potatoes, carrots,
breads and banana – they increase the blood-sugar levels.
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Recommended foods for diabetics
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Bitter gourd (karela)
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Fenugreek (methi)
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This vegetable contains a high dosage of 'plant insulin'.
It lowers the blood sugar levels effectively.
Have the juice of three to four karelas early morning on an empty
stomach.
As a vegetable, too, it can be taken on a regular basis.
Powder the seeds of karela (measuring 1 teaspoon), mix with water and
drink it.
It is the most common food used to control diabetes.
Gulp a teaspoonful of these seeds with a glass of water daily.
Soak the seeds overnight. Have the water in which the seeds were
soaked.
You can make a chutney with methi seeds. You can also eat them
sprouted, dried and powdered, or mix them in wheat flour to make
chapattis.
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Recommended foods for diabetics
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Indian blackberry (jamun)
– This fruit is very effective in preventing and controlling diabetes.
– Powder the stone of the fruit and eat it -- it contains glucoside,
which prevents the conversion of starch into sugars.
Garlic
– This is used to lower blood-sugar levels. Garlic is rich in potassium
and replaces the potassium which gets lost in urine. It also
contains zinc and sulphur, which are components of insulin. Take
about three to four flakes of freshly crushed garlic daily.
• Onion
– Because of its diuretic and digestive properties, onion works
against diabetes. Raw onion is more useful.
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Recommended foods for diabetics
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Flaxseed
– This is the richest source of Omega 3 fatty acids. It helps control
diabetes because it maintains the sensitivity of the cell
membrane, facilitates insulin, and thereby the uptake of glucose
by the cells.
• Fibre
– Soluble fibre, found in apples, kidney beans (rajma), oatmeal,
soyabean, etc, help control diabetes.
– These aid slow digestion and absorption of nutrients, resulting in
a slow and steady release of glucose.
– They soak up excess bile acids found in the intestinal tract, the
same acids that are converted to blood cholesterol.
• They also help empty the stomach and bring about a feeling of
satisfaction that can help Type 2 diabetics to achieve weight
loss goals.
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Recommended foods for diabetics
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Cinnamon solution
– Water extracts of cinnamon have been found to promote glucose
metabolism and reduce cholesterol. You can boil cinnamon
sticks in water and drink this water.
• Antioxidants
– Diabetes is often associated with conditions like heart
diabetic retinopathy, immune deficiency and
disease,
• kidney disease. Many are caused by free radical
damage. Therefore, make sure you include foods containing
antioxidants, like amla, fresh seasonal fruits, pomegranates
and green/black tea in your diet.
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Thank You
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