Download Antibiotic

UNIT 3 SEMINAR
MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS AND THEIR
EQUIVALENTS (REVIEW OF CHAPTER 7)
AND
ANTIMICROBIALS/ANTIFUNGALS/ANTIVIRALS
(CHAPTER 18)
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ASSIGNMENT HINTS
Show your work, so I can give partial credit
 Turn it in early in case you need to make
corrections
 Don’t forget about the Math Center if you need
help
 Make sure you answer all of the questions
 Put your name on your work

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THREE BASIC UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

Weight – gram (g, gm)

Volume – liter (L)

Length – meter (m)
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CONVERSION
______ mL = 4 L
_____ g = 200 mg
______ cm = 0.5 m
_____ L = 300 mL
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REVIEW

Remember 1kg=2.2lbs

How much will a 160lb patient weigh in
kilograms? __________

How much will a 37.6 kg patient weigh in lbs?
________
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Questions
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ANTIMICROBIALS, ANTIFUNGALS, ANTIVIRALS
CHAPTER 18
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WHAT IS THE GOAL OF ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY?
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TERMS

Antimicrobial
 Broader class includes: antibiotics, antifungals,
antiparasitics, antivirals

Antibiotic is anti (against) + Greek bios (life)
Antibiotic is: against life.
 Produced from natural substances including molds and
bacteria.
 Inhibit growth or kill other microorganisms.
 There are families of antibiotics all similar to the original
chemical, with various prosperities that make them useful
for treating different types of infections.
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-CIDAL OR –STATIC?

-cidal



-static



Causes the ________ of the organism
Causes the ________ of the organism
Inhibits the ________ of organism
Allows body’s own defenses to remove the organism
Both



Agents may be –cidal or –static
Depending on dosage or concentration of drug.
Depending on virulence of organism
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WHEN CHOOSING AN ANTIBIOTIC –
WHAT DO HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS LOOK FOR?
Want maximum effect with
minimal harm to patient.
 Match bug to drug, if possible by
knowing:

 What
the organism is,
 What drugs is it sensitive to,
 The host factors at the site.
 Also health status of the patient,
including immune status.
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WHY ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE?





The main reason for the development of drug-resistant
microbes is the inappropriate use of antibiotics.
The more an antibiotic is used the faster drug resistance
develops.
Improper prescribing by health care workers and patients not
finishing the course of therapy contribute.
No excuse for casual or indiscriminate use of antibiotics.
Can lead to a:
______________
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PENICILLIN
 First
of true antibiotics –introduced in 1940’s
 Remain the most effective and least toxic of
available antimicrobials.
 Changes in the chemical structure of the
penicillins over the years have increased their
usefulness and effectiveness in controlling
disease.
 Most generic names for penicillins end in –cillin
while many trade names have pen in their names
 penicillin
V (generic)
 Pen-VEE-K (trade)
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HOW PENICILLINS ARE CLASSIFIED

Narrow-spectrum


Narrow-spectrum anti-staphylococcal


First generation
Used on drug resistant staphylococci strains
Broad-Spectrum
Second generation
 Effective against a broader spectrum


Extended-spectrum


Third generation
Wider antimicrobial action than second
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SIDE EFFECTS/ALLERGIES: PENICILLINS

SIDE EFFECTS
Nausea and Vomiting
 Patients should report diarrhea, sore mouth and tongue

Why? ________________________________________,

ALLERGIC REACTION
Rashes and hives
 Tend to precipitate more severe allergic reactions than
other medications
 A patient allergic to one should be considered allergic to
all


Always ask about allergies esp. penicillin.
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CEPHALOSPORINS

Derived from mold – related to penicillin
 Give

with caution to patients with pcn allergy
Four Generations
 increased

activity against gram-negative bacteria
Patient education:
 Take
with food if gastric upset occurs
 Keep medication refrigerated
 Do not drink alcohol
 Can intensify bleeding tendencies
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MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTICS
“ACE”=azithromycin(Z-pak),
clarithromycin
(Biaxin), erythromycin
 Useful in treating atypical infections (ex:
chlamydia, legionnaire’s, atypical
pneumonia, Lymes disease)
 Can be used when patient is penicillin allergic
 Similar spectrum of activity as penicillins, with
added atypical coverage
 Side Effects: GI symptoms, headaches
TETRACYCLINES (SUFFIX “-CYCLINE”)






First group of broad-spectrum antibiotics
Long Acting :doxycycline, minocycline
Short Acting : tetracycline
Do not give with dairy products or antacids. Can
decrease effectiveness
Harmful if used after the expiration date.
Side effects



Sun sensitivity
Stains developing teeth, don’t use in children less than 8 yrs.
Broad spectrum can cause super-infection
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OTHER ABX (ANTIBIOTICS)

Floroquinolones
 Generic
ends in –floxacin
 Broad spectrum
 Cipro (ciprofloxacin), Levaquin (levofloxacin)
 Antimicrobial

Lincomycins
 vancomycin:
 Toxic
drug reserved for treating serious infections
MRSA (methicillin resistant staph aureus)
 Bacteriocidal
 VRE – Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci
OVER THE COUNTER

For topical use – dermatologic infections
 Bacitracin
 Neomycin
 Neosporin
 Polymyxin
B
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SULAFONAMIDES (SULFA DRUGS)
Antibacterial drug (not antibiotic)
 Used in areas of the body that can flush away
wastes of infection - kidneys
 Long term use has resulted in resistance
 Used in combination to increase action
 Patient education:

 Drink
large amounts of fluids to flush kidneys
 Avoid soda and citrus fruits – make urine alkaline
 Take medication on empty stomach
 May cause photosensitivity
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ANTIMYCOTIC

(ANTIFUNGAL)
Used to treat fungus (mycotic) infections
 Resulting
from overuse of antibiotics
 Immunosuppressed patient
 Can be systemic or topical
Antifungals can be fungistatic or fungicidal
 Prescription and OTC

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ANTIVIRALS

Less successful than antibiotics

Very limited use, narrow spectrum

Must adhere very closely to
schedule
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ANTISEPTIC





Applied to living skin
Decreases number of bacteria
& allows normal body defenses
to work
Used to eliminate disease
Limited use in treatment
Types




Alcohol
Hexachlorophene
Hydrogen peroxide
Silver and mercury preparations
DISINFECTANT



Applied to inanimate objects
to reduce bacteria growth
May not kill all types of
microorganisms (spores,
viruses, fungi)
Types



Formaldehyde
Bleach
Alcohol
Germicides kill microorganisms on either living or nonliving objects
ANTISEPTIC OR DISINFECTANT?
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