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Pediatric Psycho-Oncology Resident Education Lecture Series Cognitive & Behavioral Aspects of Pediatric Cancer 1960-1970’s: Survival improved chemotherapy, CNS prophylaxis 1980’s: Survival, Cognitive Functioning improved chemotherapy, modified CNS treatment 1990’s-present: Survival, Cognitive Functioning, Quality of Life improved assessment, focus on academic & psychosocial functioning over time, focus on development of interventions Cognitive Risk Factors in Pediatric Cancer Brain tumor CNS disease Cranial irradiation (dose effect) Child’s age (young children at greater risk) Time since end of treatment Intrathecal chemotherapy systemic chemo to lesser degree Frequent school absences Common Cognitive Impairments/Late Effects Decline in intellectual functioning age & dose related Memory problems (short-term) Attention/concentration difficulties Slower processing speed Visual-spatial/motor problems Arithmetic & other learning problems Problems in executive functioning (working memory, behavioral inhibition, self-monitoring, self-regulation, organization & planning, cognitive flexibility/shifting) Current Cognitive Interventions Serial assessment of cognitive functioning School consultation, education, and services 504 plan for accommodations/modifications special education services/IEP (OHI, CD, LD) Tutoring to learn compensatory strategies Cognitive remediation?? (Butler & Copeland, 2002) Medication, e.g. methylphenidate, for attention/concentration & executive functioning difficulties??? (Butler & Mulhern, 2005) Cognitive Functioning in Pediatric Blood & Marrow Transplant (BMT) Are pediatric BMT patients at greater risk of developing cognitive problems due to…. Myeloblative chemotherapy? Total body irradiation? Treatment history? Cognitive Functioning in Pediatric BMT: Longitudinal Studies No significant IQ changes at 1 & 2 years Phipps et al., 2000; Simms et al., 2002 Correlates: pre-BMT functioning, age at BMT, diagnosis, TBI dose, length of time since BMT, Rx regimen, gender MCW Transplant Study Kupst et al. (2002) No significant changes in IQ over two years IQ scores were within normal limits No significant changes in Reading or Math Achievement Predictors of Cognitive Outcome: SES, Pre-BMT IQ, Prior Academic Problems Not significantly related: age, previous treatment, GVHD status, TBI Cognitive Development (<3 yrs): no pattern 5+ yr follow-up study funded by HSK Psychosocial Functioning in Childhood Cancer Longitudinal research indicates that most children & families are resilient to cancer diagnosis & treatment. Coping is a process Wide variety of coping strategies (no single best way) However, 20-30% develop clinically significant adjustment problems (i.e., anxiety, depression) that may require intervention. Coping and Adaptation in Pediatric Cancer Disease Factors Personal Factors Age (mixed results) Rx intensity Cognitive & academic functioning Severity of late effects & (brain tumors) functional impairment in Prior psychosocial functioning survivors Personality/temperament Visibility of disease or Rx effect Family/Environmental Duration of disease/time Family resources/SES since Dx Support system Degree of CNS involvement Family variables: adaptability, communication, cohesiveness, Parental, parent-child & sibling coping Concurrent stressors Natural Reactions to Cancer Journey Diagnosis-Early Treatment: shocked, overwhelmed, info overload, emotional distress, why me?, blaming of self or others, questions/worries about death, isolation, missing school & friends, coping with changes in daily life, finances, job, & caregiving roles, difficulty asking others for help, some experience anticipatory anxiety/procedural distress. Middle to Later Treatment: increased sense of control, Rx regimen becomes more routine, process thoughts & feelings, grieve loss of normal life/activities, sadness-anger re: limitations, feelings of abandonment/reduced support, coping with altered friendships Natural Reactions to Cancer Journey End of Treatment: ambivalent feelings, uncertainty about future, transition back to school/work, focus on rebuilding vs. returning to life, worries about relapse Survivorship Concerns physical & cognitive late effects, concerns of relapse/secondary cancer, difficulty identifying/connecting with peers, future health concerns/choices Death/Dying Impact of Pediatric Cancer: Developmental Issues Infancy-Preschool Yrs: School-Aged: adjustment to Rx with limited cognitive understanding loss of control fears of abandonment/separation developmental regression/interruption behavioral reactions Rx regimen becomes “normal” Coping: problem-focused, action-oriented, distraction isolated from peers missed school understands seriousness awareness of physical changes/feeling different Coping: development of emotion-focused Impact of Pediatric Cancer: Developmental Issues Adolescents & Young Adults: disruptions in school & social activities isolation difficulty identifying with care-free friends self-image problems sense of invulnerability (compliance issues) more intense emotional reactions, distress, existential issues independence-dependence parent-child struggle Young Adults: may have to postpone college, work, marriage, family Coping: use of social support, emotion-focused, cognitive strategies, info-seeking Family Adjustment Issues Parents/Caregivers Siblings impact often is more intense & distressing (post-traumatic stress Sx) fears & worries about child’s acute & long-term survival guilt feelings with limit setting parental adjustment strongly related to child adjustment feel forgotten/passed off jealous of patient’s attention acting out/negativeattention seeking guilt feelings sadness & anger mild somatic symptoms Psychosocial Functioning: BMT Regression, withdrawal & decrease in mood are natural reactions to long-term isolation/hospitalization & physical discomfort Longitudinal studies indicate PTSD Sx, lower selfcompetence & self-esteem, withdrawal during 1st yr BUT psychosocial adjustment & QOL tend to improve or return to baseline by one yr post-BMT Correlates: pre-BMT child & family adjustment, time since BMT, level of maternal distress, type of Rx (TBI) (Barrera et al., 2000; Debban et al., 1998; Phipps & Mulhern, 1995; Simms et al., 2002; Stuber & Nader, 1995; Vannata et al., 1998) MCW BMT Study: Kupst et al. (2002) No significant behavioral or social changes over time Psychosocial functioning significantly correlated with prior behavioral and social scores Behavioral scores not related to age, gender, SES, diagnosis or type of treatment Social competence significantly correlated with age (older, higher) at one year, but not at two years What is Pediatric Psychology? AKA: child health psychology, behavioral medicine/pediatrics, medical psychology Refers to interdisciplinary field that addresses the psychological well-being of children, adolescents, and their families with health and illness issues. Pediatric Psycho-Oncology address the psychosocial needs of pediatric cancer patients and their families. What Do Hem/Onc/Transplant Psychology Do? Provide consultation, evaluation, psychological testing, and intervention to children, adolescents, young adults, and families who have been affected by cancer and other blood disorders. Help pediatric patients and their families cope with the stress of a cancer diagnosis and treatment. Reasons to Consult HOT Psychology • Adjustment difficulties (emotional & behavioral reactions) • Anxiety, panic attack symptoms • Depression • Behavioral disturbances (oppositionality, noncompliance) • Premorbid mental health issues impacting psychological well-being and medical care Crisis intervention Nonadherence to medical regimen Anticipatory anxiety & nausea/Procedural distress Needle phobia Parent adjustment Sibling reactions Family conflict Survivorship issues post treatment Intervention Services Psychologists provide both inpatient and outpatient services. Primary goals are to provide support, reduce stress, improve coping, and facilitate normalcy. These goals are met through consultation/assessment, behavioral interventions, therapy, psychological testing, and school and community liaison. Intervention Services, cont. 1 - CONSULTATION / ASSESSMENT Learn about the problem through interviews with patient, family, and staff, and/or through observation of patient. Make recommendations for treatment and provide resources. May take from ½ hour to 2 hours. Intervention Services, cont. 2 - BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTION Help patient with medical issues, such as managing pain/stress, coping with procedural distress, taking medications, complying with treatment regiment. Interventions often consist of outlined plans for behavioral modification. Support of the medical team, family, and caregivers in following these plans is very important for the success of the patient. Intervention Services, cont. 3 - THERAPY Help patients, family members, or caregivers examine their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to illness and treatment and learn strategies to cope more effectively. Provide support. Average length of therapy is 6 sessions, but may vary depending on issues discussed. Intervention Services, cont. 4 - PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING Determine patient’s level of cognitive, academic, behavioral and emotional functioning in order to evaluate the impact of treatment, identify problems/strengths, monitor changes, provide directions for intervention, and provide information for school services. Conduct psychological evaluations of all pediatric bone marrow and stem cell candidates and sibling donors. Intervention Services, cont. 5 - SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY LIAISON Help the family and school work together to ensure all patient’s academic support needs are being met during and after treatment. Educate school personnel on possible limitations during treatment and/or cognitive late effects of treatment. How to Consult Psychology To initiate psychology services for a patient in the HOT Unit, inpatient or outpatient: Create a formal consult using Sunrise. There are several groups of psychologists serving this hospital, so make sure you are consulting the HOT psychologists. Alpha page Dr. Kristin Bingen to inform her of the consult. The group of psychologists for HOT will then triage the consult and notify you of our plan to proceed. To communicate additional concerns, questions, or information to a psychologist already working with a patient: Contact that psychologist directly. There is no need to create another formal consult. For crisis intervention: During regular working hours, page Dr. Kristin Bingen. If she is not in, page either Dr. Mary Jo Kupst or Dr. Suzanne Holm to find out who is covering. After hours, page psychiatry, as there is someone there on-call at all times. Then follow-up with psychology the next working day. References/Resources Institute of Medicine (2003). Childhood cancer survivorship: Improving care and quality of life. National Academies Press, Washington, DC. Keene, N., et al. (2000) Childhood Cancer Survivors. Sepastopol CA: O’Reilly Associates, Inc. Kupst MJ & Bingen, K. (2006) Stress and coping in the pediatric cancer experience. In R. T. Brown (Ed.) Pediatric hematology/oncology: A biopsychosocial approach. New York: Oxford University Press. Patenaude, AF & Kupst MJ (Eds.) (2005) Special Issue on Surviving Pediatric Cancer: Research Gains and Goals. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, volume 30. Woznick, LA & Goodheart CD (2002). Living with childhood cancer: A practical guide to help families cope. Washington DC: APA. Current Psychology Research Projects “Trajectories of Health and Adaptation after Pediatric Stem Cell Transplant”, American Cancer Society “Psychosocial Outcomes of Pediatric Brain Tumors”, American Cancer Society “Cognitive and Psychosocial Functioning of Long-term Survivors of Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant” Hope Street Kids Foundation LTFU LAF MACC Fund From ABP Certifying Exam Content Outline Chronic illness and handicapping conditions Understand the effect of a chronic illness on siblings Know that psychosocial factors are associated with but do not cause chronic illness (e.g., asthma, seizures, inflammatory bowel disease) Understand the importance of being supportive and non-threatening while talking with parents whose children have chronic diseases Know the factors involved in making appropriate ethical decisions relating to children with chronic and handicapping diseases From ABP Certifying Exam Content Outline, cont’d. Death Understand that the developmental stage of a child will have an impact on his/her response to a death in the family Know the value of anticipatory guidance and the provision of information and support for critical life events Identify regressive behavior and somatic complaints as signs of stress Know how to counsel a family and child regarding the death of a loved one Know the stages of grief and the spectrum of reactions for a child and a family when a loved one dies: shock, anger, denial, disbelief, sadness Credits Mary Jo Kupst, PhD, Professor of Pediatrics Kristin Bingen, PhD, Assistant Professor Suzanne Holm, PhD, Psychology Fellow Medical College of Wisconsin Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin