Download Substance Use, Addictions and Related Behaviours

Student Substance Use
What percentage of students in Grades 7 to 12 reported using the
following substances at least once during 2007?
A. Alcohol *
B. Cannabis
C. Non-medicinal use of
prescription drugs*
D. Tobacco
E. Ecstasy
F. Cocaine
G. Oxycontin
 61.7 %
 25.6 %
 20.6 %




11.9%
3.5%
3.4%
1.8%
*26% of students reported Binge Drinking (consumption of 5 or more drinks on one
occasion)
*Opioid pain relievers (Tylenol #3, Percocet); any drug used to treat ADHD (Ritalin)
– students asked for the first time.
Why Do People Use Substances?
• To feel _____________, _________________ or nothing at
all
• To ________________
• To be _______________________
• To _______________ better
• To be _______________
What is a Drug?
substance
A Drug is any _____________
which when
ingested, inhaled
_____________, absorbed or
____________ , changes the way the ________
injected
mind
body
or ____________
functions. This includes
thinks
changing the way a person ________________,
acts or feels.
There are 3 major groups of mood altering drugs. They are…
Frequency of Use
Experimental User
Curiousity
1. ___________________
is a motivator.
mood
swings
2. The user is learning about the __________
___________
brought on by the drug.
trust
mistrust
3. The user is learning to ________
/ ____________
the drug and its effects.
“high”
4. Getting ___________
is a new feeling not in the normal range of emotions.
relate
5. The user can still ________________
to people.
Occasional User
use
1. The decision to ______________
has been made.
“high”
2. The user now seeks the ____________.
3. There is increased ____________
comfort
and _________________
confidence
in the use of the drug.
peer
4. The ____________
group that the person hangs out with uses.
5. Getting “high” is more ________________
now.
important
Tolerance
6. ______________
develops.
7. The person becomes ______________.
cocky
8. The user has some problems _______________
relating
to others.
Regular User:
thinking
1. The user is _____________
more about drugs.
often
2. The user wants to be “high” ____________.
Blackouts
3. ____________________
start to occur.
difficult
4. Relationships are ______________.
use
the
drug
5. The person clearly wants to ____________
____________
____________.
alone
6. The person uses when __________,
which is very dangerous.
control
7. The user still thinks he or she has ___________.
Daily User (The Addict)
•
no
longer
The addict can _____
_____________
get “high”.
survive
The user must take the drug to ________________.
•
choice
There is no ___________
: you must use.
•
•
drugs
people
The person relates to ___________
not to ____________.
any
time
The addict will use _________
____________.
•
intimidating
The behaviour is both obnoxious and __________________.
•
______________
Drugs
are the users life.
•
SYMPTOMS OF ALCOHOL
POISONING





Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol
to the point of vomiting
Semiconscious or unconscious
Cold, clammy, pale, or bluish skin
Slow breathing (the person breathes
less than 8 times per minute or has 10
seconds or more between breaths)
Vomiting while sleeping or unconscious
& not waking up after vomiting
Alcohol Poisoning



Death from alcohol poisoning can be caused
by central nervous system and respiratory
depression or inhalation of vomit or fluid into
the lungs
The amount of alcohol that causes someone
to “pass out” is dangerously close to the
“lethal dose”
Signs of alcohol poisoning:
– Unable to be aroused
– Weak, rapid pulse
– Unusual or irregular breathing pattern
– Cool, damp, pale, bluish skin
Binge Drinking
large
• Binge drinking is the consumption of __________amounts
of
alcohol in a very short ________of
time.
period
poisoning
• Binge drinking can cause alcohol ___________,
which can be
deadly
______.
dangerous when combined
• Binge drinking becomes even more ________
_______
with other medications or drugs, illness, stress, or an empty
stomach.
Binge Drinkers are up to 10 Times More Likely to:
victim
aggressor
• Be the __________
or ___________
in physical or
sexual assault
police
• Get into trouble with _____________
• Experience serious ____________
injury
accidental
dangerous
• Engage in ___________
driving
unprotected
unplanned
• Have ___________
& ____________
sex
• Damage property
Absorption and Metabolism


Alcohol molecules are sufficiently small
and fat-soluble to be absorbed throughout
the entire gastrointestinal system
Factors that influence how quickly body
absorbs alcohol:
– Alcohol concentration in beverage
– Amount of alcohol consumed
– Amount of food in stomach
– Pylorspasm
– Mood
How Alcohol Affects a Person Depends On:
1.
2.
3.
4.
How ____________
much
you drink.
quickly
How _____________
you drink.
weight
Your body ____________.
past
How much drinking you’ve done in the ____________.
Tolerance
(Physical ________________)
food
5. How much _______________
is in your stomach.
attitude
6. What your __________________
is about drinking. (“I’m
gonna get loaded!)
surroundings
7. Your __________________
where you drink.
BLOOD ALCOHOL
CONCENTRATION (BAC)
• 0.03% (1 drink/hour): relaxed, feeling of exhilaration
• 0.06% (1-2 drinks/hour): feeling of warmth and
relaxation, decrease of fine motor skills
• 0.09% (2-3 drinks/hour): slowed reaction time, poor
muscle control, slurred speech, wobbly legs
• 0.12% (2-4 drinks/hour): clouded judgment, lessened
inhibitions and self-restraint, impaired reasoning and
ability to make logical decisions, well over the legal
limit
BLOOD ALCOHOL
CONCENTRATION (BAC)
• 0.15% (3-5 drinks/hour): blurred vision, speech
unclear, unsteady walking, impaired coordination,
possible blackout
• 0.18% (5-8 drinks/hour): behavior is totally impaired,
trouble staying awake, numb
• 0.30% (8-13 drinks/hour): drunken-stupor or deep
sleep
• 0.40% (11-15 drinks/hour): coma, probable death
• 0.50% (14-18 drinks/hour): death
Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism




Alcohol abuse
– interferes with work, school, or social and
family relationships or entails any violation of
the law
Alcoholism
– when personal and health problems related
to alcohol use are severe and stopping
alcohol consumption results in withdrawal
symptoms
Neural & Chemical Influences on Aggression
Alcohol
 Alcohol can lead to aggression by:
 Reducing our inhibitions so that we are
more likely to perform behaviours that we
would normally keep in check.
 Lowering our threshold for aggressive
behaviour.
 Interfering with our ability to consider the
consequences of our actions.
© 2007 Pearson Education Canada
The Perpetrator is Involved in
Drug Use in…
•
•
•
•
More than 50% of violent crimes
60-80% of child abuse and neglect cases
50-70% of theft and property crimes
75% of drug dealing
Belenko and Peugh, 1998; National Institute of Justice, 1999.
Long-Term Effects


Effects on the nervous system
Cardiovascular effects
– Antithrombotic effect






Liver disease – alcoholic hepatitis and
cirrhosis
Cancer
Irritant to gastrointestinal system
Inflammation of the pancreas
Block absorption of calcium
Interferes with immunity
C1.3 identify and describe the
warning signs of substance misuse or
abuse, addictions, and related
behaviours




Binge Drinking
Aggressive Behaviour
under the influence
Drinking and Driving
Fetal Alcohol
Syndrome
Impaired Driving Danger on
Canadian Roads
Each day, on average, 4 Canadians are killed
and 200 Canadians are injured in alcoholrelated crashes.
75,000 Canadians are killed or injured in
impaired driving crashes each year.
Vehicle crashes are the number one cause of
death and injury for youth and alcohol is
involved 40% of the time.
The Need for Youth
Road Safety Initiatives
#1 cause of death for youth is vehicle crashes;
alcohol is involved 40% of the time.
#1 cause of serious injury for youth is vehicle
crashes; alcohol is involved 20% of the time.
Compared to the proportion of young
licensed drivers, youth are overrepresented in fatal and serious injury
vehicle crashes each year.
ALCOHOL RELATED INCIDENTS
- Annually Alcohol is Key Factor in:
• Traffic fatalities
•
•
•
•
•
•
Assaults
Suicides
Sexual assaults
Murders
Spouse or child Abuse
Drowning
40%
72%
35-80%
52-90%
50-76%
50-65%
69%
WHY YOUNG PEOPLE DRINK:
- Many Reasons
• Fun
• Curiosity: “rite of passage”
• Peers: “the thing to do…”
- Psychological Purposes
• To increase positive feelings
• To decrease negative
feelings
YOU DON’T HAVE TO FOLLOW—YOU CAN LEAD!
· Decide to drink something other than alcohol or not to go to those
parties.
· Hang out with friends who don’t want to drink; then it will be easier to
avoid alcohol.
MAKE A PLAN TO AVOID DRINKING!
· If you have a serious drinking problem, get help! Talk to a teacher,
counselor, youth leader or call a hotline number. (Give out local help
numbers at the end.)
· Don’t put yourself in situations that you know will be focused on
drinking. Don’t go to parties if all your drinking buddies will be there.
· Buy non-alcoholic drinks for parties so you will have something else
to drink.
· Make your anti-drinking feelings known and ask your friends to hold
you to it!
· If necessary, get a new set of friends that feel same as you about
drinking.
O.K.
Don't ask my child to fly
Bruce Ritchie
Don't ask my child to fly,
for he has not wings.
Don't ask my child to see the glint on the eagle's beak,
for his vision has been diminished.
Don't ask my child to remain calm amid the din,
for her ability to screen out the noises has been taken away.
Don't ask my child to be careful with "strangers",
for he is affectionate with everyone and prey for the unscrupulous.
Don't ask my child to "settle down",
for the clock which works for you and I, does not exist for her.
Don't ask my child to not play with the toys of others,
for he has no concept of property.
Don’t ask my child to remember you tomorrow,
although you met today.
Don't ask my child to heal your wounds,
for her hands cannot hold a scalpel or sutures.
Don't ask my child to meet the challenges set by society,
for you have denied her the tools.
Don't ask my child to forgive you for standing idly by,
while he was in trouble in his mother's womb,
for he will,
but He may not.
1
MATERNAL ALCOHOL ABUSE
IS THE LEADING KNOWN
CAUSE OF MENTAL
RETARDATION IN THE
WESTERN WORLD
The facial features of
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome are:
• Small eyelid openings (palpebral fissures)
• Short, upturned nose
• Long upper lip (from nose to mouth) with a
thin red border and a deficient central
groove (philtrum)
• Reduced size of the head (microcephaly)
2
5
The facial features of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
can be seen in both a child and a mouse fetus
that were exposed to alcohol during development.
child with FAS
mouse fetuses
Narrow forehead
Short palpebral fissures
Small nose
Small midface
Long upper lip with
deficient philtrum
alcohol-exposed
normal
Results of pre-natal alcohol exposure can include:
Attention Deficit Disorders - ADD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder - ADHD Mental Retardation
Developmental delay Failure to thrive syndrome
Swallowing/Feeding disorders
Little or no retained memory Severe loss of intellectual potential
Loss of intellectual functioning (IQ)
Poor adaptive skills transferring learning to new situations (AQ)
Severely compromised life skills development
Emotional maturity far below chronological age
Behavioural problems Inability to predict consequences of actions
Extreme impulsiveness
Poor judgment
Little or no capacity for interpersonal empathy – social cues
Microcephaly Height and weight deficiencies Cerebral palsy
Heart defects Heart failure Death
Deafness / Hearing problems Central auditory processing disorder
Developmental speech and language disorder
Mild to severe vision problems Esotropia Dyslexia
Facial anomalies Serious maxilo-facial deformities Cleft palate
Dental abnormalities Immune system malfunctioning Asthma
Complex seizure disorder Epilepsy Tremors
Tight hamstrings Rigidity Slack muscles
Genital deformities Hernia Precocious puberty
Renal (liver) failure Kidney defects Hip deformities
Underdeveloped fingers Shortened and bent little finger Spinal
dimple
There is no safe level of alcohol consumption during
pregnancy. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders are 100%
preventable.
Maternal prenatal alcohol consumption even at low levels is
adversely related to child behavior. The effect was observed
at average exposure levels as low as 1 drink per week.
Even brief exposures to small amounts of alcohol may kill
brain cells in a developing fetus. A study carried out by John
Olney, M.D., at the Washington School of Medicine in St.
Louis showed that just two drinks consumed during
pregnancy may be enough to kill some developing brain
cells, leading to permanent brain damage.
7
Health advisories urge
women who
are planning
pregnancy
or are pregnant
not to drink alcohol.
ALCOHOL: WRAP-UP
THERE ARE SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES TO ALCOHOL ABUSE!
· This includes broken families, divorce, child abuse, and violence.
· Wrong decisions made under the influence of alcohol might include having sex,
saying things you didn’t mean, acting like a fool at parties, driving drunk and
killing somebody, being violent, etc.
· You could become an alcoholic or encourage someone else to drink by your
example. They may have the potential to become an alcoholic.
· You can destroy your body and die young from liver disease, heart disease,
brain damage and/or a dozen other alcohol-caused diseases.
DRINKING IS ILLEGAL FOR TEENAGERS.
· Even though you may disagree with the law, it is illegal for teens to drink.
· You could end up in jail as a result of drinking or any foolish action you might
do while you are drunk. A criminal record can disqualify you from life
opportunities.
FAST FACTS ON DRUGS
· 1 in 20 High School seniors use Marijuana or alcohol daily.
· One third of all high school students used some illegal drug or alcohol
last year.
· About one in 10 emergency room drug cases is a patient 10 to 17 years
old
· Marijuana causes memory loss, both short-term AND long-term.
· LSD permanently damages your brain and can cause acid trip
flashbacks at anytime in the future, even if you’re no longer taking the
drug.
· PCP is an elephant tranquilizer.
· Just one marijuana joint contains more than ten times the tar and
nicotine of a regular cigarette.
Canadian Statistics:
•The overwhelming majority of youth in Canada do no have
alcohol or drug problems...but most do ‘experiment’
•In Ontario, over 25% of youth used cannabis in 2007
•In Canada, the number of young persons charged with drug
posession has tripled over the past decade
•Between 1991 and 2005 the percentage of youth reporting
selling Cannabis more than doubled
•Over 1/3 of students grade 7-9 have binged on alcohol
•Over 40% of 15-19 year olds have binged on alcohol
•29% of 15-17 year olds report use of Canabis
•10% of students have used hallucinogenic drugs
•Under 10% have used other drugs such as cocaine, ecstasy
•Use of OxyContin and methamphetamines is a regional
issue(nationwide 1%)
Impact of Substance Use on School
Success...
•Impaired judgment
•Lack of concentration
•Lack of motivation
•Poor memory
I
•Actual physical illness
•Increased absenteeism
•Loss of trusting relationships
•Dammaged relationships with peers and adults
•Lack of access to extra-curriculars
•Progressive discipline
School Related Factors
✢ Between grade 7 and 8 the likelihood of using illicit drugs
increases
✢ In Ontario, students with a C average or below are more
likely to report illicit drug use and hazardous alcohol use
✢ Lack of commitment to school and low bonding with other
students and teachers is seen as a significant risk factor
for teen substance abuse
✢ 87% of teens reported that they believed their parents to
be a credible source of information about illicit drugs
✢ Research has PROVEN that when youth:
1.speak to caring adults in their lives about drug use AND;
2. where the adult monitors the youth’s activities
the likelihood of use is much less!
Common Myths About Drug Abuse…
•
•
•
•
•
Drug abuse equates to drug addiction
Alcohol is not a drug
Addiction is a moral weakness
You have to hit rock bottom to recover
You have to want treatment for it to be
successful
• Drug abuse is more common among minorities
What is Addiction?
•
A brain disease expressed as a
compulsive behavior
•
The continued abuse of drugs despite
negative consequences
•
A chronic, potentially relapsing disorder
However…
advances in science have
revolutionized our fundamental
views of drug abuse and addiction,
showing us that:
► abuse is a preventable behavior
► addiction is a treatable disease
We Know There’s a
Big Genetic Contribution to
Drug Abuse and Addiction…
….Overlapping with Environmental
Influences that Help Make
Addiction a Complex Disease.
The likelihood of someone who
abuses drugs then becoming
addicted to them also depends on
the balance of his or her level of
exposure to risks and protective
factors…
Behavioural Indicators of
Addiction
• Change is the key...
- School performance?
- Motivation/drive?
- Attitude toward sports and other activities?
- Weight or physical activity?
- Eating or sleeping habits?
- Friends or peer group?
- Behaviour?
- Future plans?
Overcoming Addiction
is not as easy as one
might perceive…
Addiction is Similar to Other
Chronic Illnesses Because:
•Recovery from it--protracted abstinence
and restored functioning--is often a longterm process requiring repeated treatments
•Relapses to drug abuse can occur during
or after successful treatment episodes
•Participation in self-help support programs
during and following treatment can be
helpful in sustaining long-term recovery
Therefore…
Science has generated much
evidence showing that…
prolonged drug use
changes
the brain in fundamental
and long-lasting ways
Implication:
Brain changes resulting from
prolonged use of drugs
may compromise
mental and motor functions
This is why addicts can’t just quit
This is why treatment is essential
Alcohol vs. Other Drugs
We know that alcohol impairs
the brain and results in
addiction with repeated use in
the same way as other drugs
In Treating Addiction…
We Need to Keep Our Eye on
the Real Target
Estimated Economic Cost
to Society from Substance
Abuse and Addiction:
Illegal drugs: $181 billion/year
Alcohol: $185 billion/year
Tobacco: $158 billion/year
Total: $524 billion/year
Surgeon General’s Report, 2004; ONDCP, 2004; Harwood, 2000.
Contributors to the Economic Costs
of Substance Abuse and Addiction
• Health care expenditures
– Alcohol and drug abuse services
– Medical consequences
• Productivity (lost earnings)
–
–
–
–
–
Premature death
Impaired job performance
Institutionalized population
Incarceration
Criminal victimization
• Other impacts on society
– Crime
– Social welfare administration
– Vehicular accidents
Adapted from Harwood et al., Addiction, 1999.
Between 50% and 80% of Adult Male Arrestees
Tested Positive for Illicit Drug Use in 2000
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
Drug Use Correlates with Crime
0%
Albany
Albuquerque
Anchorage
Atlanta
Chicago
Cleveland
Dallas
Denver
Detroit
Honolulu
Indianapolis
Miami
New Orleans
New York
Philadelphia
Phoenix
Portland
Sacramento
San Antonio
San Diego
San Jose
Seattle
Spokane
Tuscon
10%
2000 Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring: Annual Report, April 2003.
✢WEED
✢POT
✢MARY JANE
✢MOTA (SPANISH)
✢GRASS
✢REEFER
✢SKUNK
Marijuana aka…
MARIJUANA- EFFECTS
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
DEPRESSANT
RED BLOODSHOT EYES
DELAYED VERBAL AND THOUGHT
PROCESSING SKILLS
EUPHORIA
“MAY CAUSE DROWSINESS AND THE
MUNCHIES”
STONED
COCAINE, HOW IS IT USED?
•SNORTED
•INJECTED
•INJESTED
•SMOKED
•CRACK COCAINE MUST BE SMOKED, IS NOT WATER SOLUBLE
METHAMPHETAMINE
✢METH, WHERE DOES IT COME FROM?
✢SYNTHETIC DRUG
✢MADE IN A CLANDESTINE DRUG LAB
METHAMPHETAMINE
METH, HOW IS IT USED?
•SNORTED
•SMOKED
✢ACIDS AND DRAIN CLEANER CAN BE FOUND IN EVERY BATCH INJECTED
✢MADE IN OUR NEIGHBORHOODS
•INJESTED
✢ALSO MADE BY MEXICAN NATIONALS IN SUPER LABS
•ANY WAY THEY CAN THINK TO
GET IT INTO THEIR SYSTEM
Meth is also
known as:
•SPEED
•CRANK
•ICE
•CRYSTAL
•TWEEK
•GO FAST
Date Rape Drugs
Any drug that is used to render someone incapable or unaware that they are being raped (Sexual Intercourse).
Examples of Date Rape Drugs:
1.
GHB
Gamma Hydroxy-Butyrate (Liquid Ecstasy, Grievous Bodily Harm, Georgia Home Boy, Easy Lay)
•
Colourless, odourless with salty taste
•
Causes decreased inhibitions and drowsiness
•
Negative Side Effects- Respiratory arrest, nausea, numbness, convulsions.
•
Time Frame – 15 minutes to several hours
2.
Rohyhpnol
(Roofies, Roach, Mind Erasers, Forget me pill)
•
No colour, no odour, no taste
•
Causes intoxication, muscle relaxation drowsiness, visual disturbance
•
Negative side effects –Upset stomach, complete loss of control
•
Time Frame – 1 – 12 hours
3.
Ketamine
(Special K, Kit Kat, Kelly’s Day, Purple, Super C)
•
Powder that is usually snorted.
•
Causes disassociate state, near death, out of body experience
•
Negative side Effects – poor balance, judgement and ability to communicate
•
Time Frame – Immediate to 6-48 hours
Rave / Club Drugs
Any drug that is used at parties to enhance euphoria and stamina.
Examples of Rave or Club Drugs:
1.
Methamphetamine
(Crystal Meth, Ice, Crank, Chalk, Speed Crystal, Bennies)
•
Tablets, capsules, liquids, white powder, crystals
Causes euphoria, feeling of strength, insomnia, loss of appetite, high BP and HR, headaches, irritability, dilated
pupils, intensified emotions
•
Negative Side effects – Malnutrition, rotting teeth, convulsions, high BP/HR, emotional instability, cardio
problems, stroke, hypothermia
2.
Ecstasy
(XTC, E, Adam, Club Drug, Snowball)
•
Pill form with LOGO
•
Causes Euphoria, camaraderie, increased visual and auditory perception, mood changes, muscle tightening,
teeth clenching, dehydration, restlessness, shaking, blurred vision, visual hallucinations, eye movement
•
Negative side effects – Depression, sleep problems, anxiety, paranoia, increased BP, stroke, Heart Attack,
liver damage, brain damage, death
3.
LSD
(Acid, Blotter, windowpane)
•
Powder that is usually snorted, capsules, tablets, blotting paper
Causes hallucinations, delusions, euphoria, time and space distortion
•
Negative Side Effects – Panic, anxiety, paranoia, depression, brain damage
Street Drugs / Concoctions
Any drug that is made using other drugs or household ingredients.
Examples of Street Drugs / Concoctions
1. Hillbilly Heroin
(Ground up cold medication and household products)
•
Causes various effects depending on ingredients
2. Cheese
(Ground up cold medication and black tar heroin)
•
Causes various effects depending on ingredients
3. Inhalants
(Aerosol containers)
•
Can freeze /paralyze the lungs and cause immediate death
Abuse of Rx and OTC Medicines
Recent studies indicate
that the abuse of
prescription (Rx) and
over-the-counter cough
medicines (OTCs) to get
high is a concern—
particularly among young
people between the ages
of 12-17.
Prescription drugs misuse:
A concerning trend
✢While most people take prescription medications
responsibly for the reasons in which the
medications were prescribed, there has been an
increasing trend in non-medical use of
pharmaceuticals.
Who is Using Prescription
Medications?
Commonly used
prescription drugs
✢The most commonly abused prescription drugs can
be classified in three classes:
✢ Opioids
✢ Central Nervous System (CNS) depressants
✢ Stimulants
(National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA], 2005)
77
www.drugs.indiana.edu
Commonly used prescription drugs

Opioids are mostly used to treat pain.
• Some examples of opioids are codeine, morphine, and opium.

Central nervous system (CNS) depressants are used to treat anxiety and
sleep disorders.
• Some examples of CNS depressants are flunitrazepam, barbiturates, and
benzodiazepines.

Stimulants are prescribed to treat the sleep disorder narcolepsy and
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
• Some examples of stimulants are cocaine, methamphetamine, and
amphetamines.
(National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA], 2005)
78
www.drugs.indiana.edu
Effects of prescription drug abuse
 While CNS depressants, opioids, and
stimulants affect the body in various ways,
their misuse and abuse can have long-lasting
or deadly effects.
 For example, opioids can produce drowsiness
and nausea, and at large dosages, can depress
or stop respiration.
 As your body become use to the physiological
affects of CNS depressants, individuals may
need larger doses to produce the same
effects—leading to physical dependence.
79
www.drugs.indiana.edu
www.drugs.indiana.edu
Preventing prescription drug abuse/misuse
Increasing the role of the patient
 Patients can be challenged to provide a complete medical
history and a description of the reason for the visit so that their
physician be accurate in the assessment and treatment of any
illness.
 Patients should also try to thoroughly read and follow the
directions for careful use of pharmaceuticals. Become familiar
with any side effects of common to the use a particular
prescription drug.
 Also, ask your pharmacist or physician of any adverse potential
interactions among the medications you take and as always, do
not change or disrupt dosages unless discussed with your health
care provider in advance.
(National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA], 2001)
www.drugs.indiana.edu
Warning signs of potential prescription drug abuse
 You take more pain medication than your doctor has
prescribed.
 You request prescriptions from multiple doctors.
 You use alcohol or other medications to increase the effects
of the pain medication.
 You take pain medication to deal with other problems, such
as anxiety or stress.
 Your doctor, friends or loved ones express concern about
your use of pain medication.
(The Mayo Clinic, 2006)
40% !!!!!!!!
• Of All Teenagers
say they
experience mild
or severe stress
in their life
What Exactly is Stress?
•
•
•
•
•
Feeling of tension
Feeling of frustration
Worry
Sadness
Withdrawal
STRESS AND COPING
• Stress is a physical, chemical, or emotional
factor that causes bodily or mental tension and
may be a factor in causing disease
• An acute state of stress where the individual
feels threatened results in the hyper-arousal of
the whole system, known as the “fight or flight
response.”
• What is of serious concern is a state of chronic
hyper-arousal
• Coping is “the response that emerges in the
encounter between the person and the
situation.” Coping responses can be restorative
or destructive.
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STRESS STRESS STRESS
We all have those thoughts and emotions, activities, even
people who drain our energy and contribute to stress
build-up.
List as many personal drainers that you can think of that
increase your chances of feeling stressed.
SOURCE OF STRESS
Being bullied
YOUR BODY’S REACTION TO
STRESS
Can’t sleep
APPROPRIATE AND INAPPROPRIATE
BEHAVIOUR
Now that you have identified some sources of stress, it is time
to discuss appropriate and inappropriate ways of dealing with
stress.
Appropriate Behaviour
Inappropriate Behaviour
1._____________________
1. ___________________
2._____________________
2. ___________________
3._____________________
3. ___________________
4._____________________
4. ___________________
5._____________________
5. ___________________
6._____________________
6. ___________________
Who Causes us stress ?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Parents
Teachers
Coaches
Brothers/Sisters
Friends
Oneself
Environment
Occasional vs. Constant Stress
• Occasional stress is normal
• Occasional stress is predictable
• Occasional stress presents us with
challenges for greater learning and
opportunity
• Constant stress can cause us many
problems
• Adds to the stress of another situation
• Stress of daily life becomes overwhelming
Causes of Stress in Children
•
•
Negative Events
Family events are often
a source of stress for
children
• Events such as
physical abuse,
separation, rejection,
and fights are some
negative sources of
stress.
• parent losing a job, or
the death of a parent,
grandparent, or sibling,
pet
• Positive Events
• birthday parties, new
pets, and the birth of
new siblings.
• Everyday family
obligations, events, and
routines can create
• an active family that may
be so busy that the
needs of a young child
may be overlooked.
Impact of Stress
• Physical: Chronic arousal of the stress-reaction
cycle can result in hypertension, diabetes,
arrhythmias, sleep disorders, chronic
headaches, chronic backaches, and/or anxiety.
• Psychological: These conditions can be
compounded by destructive behaviors and/or
substance dependency. All of the above put the
person at risk for a breakdown: emotional,
and/or physical, resulting in a heart attack or life
threatening disease.
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How do most teenagers escape
stress?
•
•
•
•
Listen to Music
Keep up with Friends
Watch Television
Seek Solutions…….Do
You?
• Seek Support
“I’m really depressed”
• Depression is more severe than stress
and it lasts longer (at least 2-3 weeks)
•
•
•
•
•
Feel hopeless
Feel sad
Feel alone
Worry
Withdraw (from your friends and family)
How do teenagers escape
depression?
• Become indifferent-avoid people
• Exhibit anger at those around them
• Become aggressive, yell, fight,
complain
• Drink
• Smoke
• Sleep
• Cry
• Attempt suicide
Stressed/Depressed
Where do you go?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Teachers
Pastor
Physician
Coach
Relatives
Parents
Friends
Foundations of Decision –
Making
✢There are many alternatives for every
situation
✢Every decision has a consequence
✢“No Decision” also has a consequence
✢The best decision is one that is
consistent with your own values
✢A solution that satisfies someone else
will not necessarily satisfy you