* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Je pense, donc je suis” - Australian Physiotherapists in
Depersonalization disorder wikipedia , lookup
Bipolar II disorder wikipedia , lookup
History of mental disorders wikipedia , lookup
Child psychopathology wikipedia , lookup
Drug rehabilitation wikipedia , lookup
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders wikipedia , lookup
Externalizing disorders wikipedia , lookup
Conduct disorder wikipedia , lookup
Gender dysphoria in children wikipedia , lookup
Generalized anxiety disorder wikipedia , lookup
Treatments for combat-related PTSD wikipedia , lookup
Glossary of psychiatry wikipedia , lookup
Diagnosis of Asperger syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Dissociative identity disorder wikipedia , lookup
Munchausen by Internet wikipedia , lookup
Factitious disorder imposed on another wikipedia , lookup
When Your Leg Just Isn’t Your Leg!? Body Integrity Identity Disorder Alison Wighton NSW PAR October 2008 Case Report Mr DO 28 year old Caucasian male with history of suicide attempts and requests for amputation of his right leg Transferred to Concord Hospital on 10/03/2008 from Liverpool Hospital, where he had presented with frostbite from deliberate soaking of his right leg in a bucket of ice for five hours. History of Presenting Illness History of abnormal feelings about the right leg since age 4. Possibly related to a TV character with an amputation to cause an attraction to amputees? Age 7-13 thoughts of leg less urgent Denied any altered sensations, lack of coordination, inattention injuries or motor problems with the leg as a child History of Presenting Illness Age 13 - thoughts recurred and the urge to be rid of the limb became intense Did not feel his right lower leg was part of him Accidentally tripped down a drain, injuring the right leg in the exact place that he wanted amputation Attempted to infect leg by rubbing dirt into the wound Did not seek medical attention Day-dreamed of leg falling off History of Presenting Illness 2006 - deliberately amputated the tip of his right middle finger with a knife and discarded the amputated piece This was to suppress his immense devastating feelings with his ‘extra’ leg Managed at Liverpool Hospital with antidepressant treatment Feelings suppressed for short time History of Presenting Illness Couple initiated research on the internet Self diagnosis of Body Integrity Identity Disorder (BIID) late 2007 Joined online support groups to learn how to deal with the diagnosis Jan 2008 - Free trip to California arranged by Granada Television for exclusive right to an interview. Investigations Jan 2008 - met Dr Ramachandran and Dr McGeoch at UCSD Tested with MRI brain and magnetoencephalography MRI showed an unusually large right superior temporal gyrus Volumetric analysis of his MRI confirmed superior parietal lobule ratio right : left of 0.73 Investigations On magneto-encephalography, touching his right foot produced just primary and secondary somatosensory activation but no activity in the superior right parietal lobe. Had caloric vestibular stimulation Partial relief if mirror was placed such that it created illusion that leg was no longer there. History of Presenting Illness 26/02/08 On returning to Sydney he saw Psychiatrist at Westmead Hospital He agreed with classic natural history of Body Integrity Identity Disorder Referral to RPA Hospital for second opinion Preliminary discussion with Vascular surgeon and Rehabilitation physician History of Presenting Illness Unsatisfied with progress trying to seek amputation Took matter into own hands ……. History of Presenting Illness 10/03/08 Took some pain killers before soaking his leg in a bucket of dry ice for 5 hours Presented to Liverpool hospital with (R) LL frostbite injury and self diagnosis of Body Integrity Identity Disorder Given morphine for analgesia and Cephazolin Transferred to Concord Hospital for assessment…. Past Medical History MVA 1985-86 ? Skull fracture History of migraine headache on and off Medications Citalopram months 20mg daily-for last three Drug and Alcohol Drinks average of 10g of alcohol per day Up to 100g at a sitting 2001-2006 used Cannabis No other illicit drugs and never smoked tobacco Psychosocial History Unemployed, receives parenting pension Previously worked in series of low skilled occupations Lives with his de facto wife and their four children (12,10,6,4) in a Dept Housing property Partner receives Austudy allowance Childhood Parents divorced when he was seven Father remarried a woman he did not like Unstable and complicated upbringing Diagnosed with Attention Deficit Disorder at age 7 Short term treatment with Amphetamine Left school in year 10 Stressors 1999 - mother murdered by her boyfriend by beating her unconscious and then burning house down with her in it. (19yrs) 2000 - brother got him to unknowingly hold stolen goods leading to imprisonment Suicide Attempts 1999-attempted cutting his wrist in response to mother’s death. Treatment Course 10/03/08 Pain management Peripheral foot perfusion checks 4/24 Probably unlikely to require surgery Psychiatry consult Imaging CT Brain-NAD CXR under-inflated lungs with bibasal collapse MRI Brain-normal SPECT Brain-normal If you’re not good with blood and all things a bit yucky…… LOOK AWAY NOW 17/03/2008 17/03/2008 Blood cultures-gram negative rods in 4/4 bottles Wound-heel pad gangrenous Commenced on Gentamycin and Ceftazidine Opinions Rehabilitation team (Dr Ross Hawthorne) Extensive necrosis of heel pad, no benefit from trying to save the foot or Syme’s amputation. Supported trans-tibial amputation at the level desired by the patient. Burns team supported the medical indication for below knee amputation. Opinions Vascular team Agree with need for amputation, wait until necrotic area fully demarcates Further positive cultures → gram positive cocci- staph and strep Commenced on Vancomycin 19/03/2008 Heel necrosis worse and malodorous Right foot swollen and cellulitic up to mid shin Cultures growing Staph aureus, Enterococcus and Pseudomonas Commenced on Tazocin 20/03/2008 Calf muscle perfusion scan - non viable right gastrocnemius muscle 21/03/2008 Right trans tibial amputation No post operative complications The Result Rehabilitation Phase Developed Phantom limb pain Treated with Doxepin by Pain team and patient educated about stump massage Rigid removable dressing commenced for stump management Progressed well and became independent with his LL and UL exercises and mobility with crutches. Function at Discharge Independent with self care Independent stump care Independent mobility with crutches Home visit was conducted with OT Little equipment required for safe discharge to Aunt’s house on 17/04/2008 Prescription for interim prosthesis made prior to discharge. Attitude Since Amputation Feels a weight lifted of his chest Wants to return to normal life and activities Feels no longer belongs to the BIID group States expectations have been met Has found acceptance from family members by explaining BIID as neurological condition Physiotherapy Progression Was quick to progress to independent mobility with prosthesis unaided. Was starting to learn to run, however attendance at outpatient physio has been unreliable. Now is happy with current abilities and finds he can play with kids at the park etc. Body Integrity Identity Disorder (BIID) Apotemnophilia, or body integrity identity disorder (BIID), is characterized by a feeling of mismatch between the internal feeling of how one’s body should be and the physical reality of how it actually is. Body Integrity Identity Disorder (BIID) The desire for amputation of a healthy limb was first reported in 1785 (cited in Johnston & Elliott, 2002) Money et al (1977) used the term apotemnophilia (amputation love) to describe intense and intrusive thoughts to amputate a lower extremity. These thoughts were related to sexual fantasies and sexual arousal. Sex Res1977;13:115-25) Description of this disorder was limited to a few case reports from 1977-2003 Body Integrity Identity Disorder (BIID) Long standing desire to be an amputee Rare, mainly men Often arises around 4 – 5 yrs age Often accompanied by sexual arousal but not necessarily primary motive Can arise in women Extremes…. BIID Patients with this condition have an often overwhelming desire for an amputation of a specific limb at a specific level. Such patients are not psychotic or delusional Such patients show a left - sided preponderance for their desired amputation Apotemnophilia and Munchausen’s Syndrome. Munchausen's patient is obsessed with self inducing symptoms repetitively for the sake of being a patient where as an apotemnophile is supposedly satisfied with just one amputation Apotemnophiles need only one medical intervention that leaves them with obvious stigma of disability which will permanently satisfy their need for love and attention. Factitious Disability Disorder Bruno 1997- divided this disorder into 3 subsets Devotees Pretenders Wannabes Devotees Devotees are non disabled people who are sexually attracted to people with disabilities, typically those with mobility impairments and amputees Pretenders Pretenders are non-disabled people who live as if they have a disability. Pretender paraplegics can confine themselves to their chairs full time and never walk. The pretender amputee has more difficulty trying to be an amputee and feels frustrated and dissatisfied. Wannabes Wannabes are usually non-disabled individuals that want to become someone with a physical disability. See themselves in bodies that are not fully functioning. They have difficulty finding identity. BIID The first person to use the term BIID was US psychiatrist Associate Professor Michael First from Columbia University, who interviewed 52 ‘wannabes’ as part of a recent study. The Results 90% had education beyond high school 65% were currently employed. 27% had surgical or self inflicted amputation 17% had major limb amputation and two thirds had used methods that put themselves at high risk The Results He found that 15% of wannabes identified sexual arousal as a reason for amputation, 63% wanted to be restored to their "true identity" and 37% said the limb "felt different". Thirteen percent said the limb didn't feel like their own and six people had tried to perform their own amputation, including using a chainsaw. 87% reported being sexually attracted to other amputees. Desired Location for Amputation 95% wanted an amputation of major limb 92% wanted above knee amputation 55% wanted left sided amputation In 77% the site of desired amputation was fixed since it started in childhood. The Results Most felt the somatosensory perception of the limb did not differ from that of their other limbs. 65% had onset prior to age 8; and 98% had onset by age 16 years. Majority reported exposure to an amputee in childhood. 44% of First’s subjects reported that their desire interfered with social functioning, occupational functioning, or leisure activities. Co-morbid Psychopathology Three quarters reported having had psychiatric condition sometime in their lives. Most commonly depression, anxiety and somatoform disorder. Treatment Efficacy 65% had psychotherapy, for none of the subjects it reduced the desire for amputation 40% were treated with psychotropic medications - no appreciable effect from the medication on the desire for amputation 12% patients had amputation at their desired level Causes of BIID There is no one single causal factor for the development of BIID. One theory states that a child, upon seeing an amputee, may imprint his or her psyche, and the child adopts this body image as an "ideal". Another popular theory suggests that a child who feels unloved may believe that becoming an amputee will attract the sympathy and love he or she needs. Biological Theory BIID is a neuro-psychological condition in which there is an anomaly in the cerebral cortex relating to the limbs. It could be conceptualized as a congenital form of somatoparaphrenia, a condition that often follows a stroke affecting the parietal lobe Possibility of genetic basis Research shows most of the BIID population had experienced a significant childhood event. Can show up as early as 4 or 5 years old. Typically no change in the desire for amputation. Participants who received amputation reported after amputation, they feel better than ever and lose the desire for further amputation. Extreme Measures Because most surgeons refuse to amputate a healthy limb, some people with BIID go to extreme measures to get rid the limb. Paying for surgery “under the table” Homemade devices Using ice, train tracks, electric saws, etc. At home “accidents” Treatment Medication such as antidepressants help little but can treat concurrent conditions such as depression Most sufferers gain little help from psychiatric and psychological therapy, it helps to control the desire rather than to abolish it. Mirror Feedback Treatment During the therapy the patients are instructed to use the mirror in a way that the mirror image produces an illusion of one absent limb. This technique is be used to convey the visual illusion to the patient that his arm has been amputated or is missing. This might provide a sort of ‘‘dress-rehearsal’’ for the amputation and may de-sensitise and eliminate the desire. Vestibular Caloric Stimulation Cold caloric irrigation, temporarily ameliorates the symptoms of somatoparaphrenia. As per researchers cold-water caloric irrigation to, at least temporarily, alleviate these patients’ intense desire for an amputation. Such a reduction of symptom intensity in BIID sufferers post irrigation would be suggestive of a similar aetiology. Perhaps with repeated irrigations BIID patients might come to accept the rejected limb into their body image; Ethics of Amputation Tim Bayne et al came up with three arguments for allowing self-demand amputation of healthy limbs: Harm Minimization Autonomy Therapy Harm Minimisation Given that many patients will go ahead with amputations in any case, and risk extensive injury or death in doing so, it might be argued that surgeons should accede to the requests, at least of those patients who they judge are likely to take matters into their own hands. Autonomy An individual’s conception of his or her good should be respected in medical decision-making contexts. Where a wannabe has a long-standing and informed request for amputation, it therefore seems permissible for a surgeon to act on this request. Therapy The argument rests on four premises: (i) wannabes endure serious suffering as a result of their condition; (ii) amputation will — or is likely to — secure relief from this suffering; (iii) this relief cannot be secured by less drastic means; (iv) securing relief from this suffering is worth the cost of amputation. What do you think??? With thanks to Dr Veena Rayker for her assistance in preparing this presentation.