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The Nature of Anthropology Nature/Nurture Controversy Plato The Rulers, Plato said, must tell the people of the city “The Noble Lie”--that In his best known tract, "The Republic," Plato 347 BC) described a the categories of Rulers, Auxiliaries, Farmers, etc. was(427 not BC due–toca. circumstances city whose inhabitants were organized or into categories: Rulers, within the people's control, upbringing, education, butThe because of Auxiliaries, God's Farmers, etc. Thethe Rulers, he said, be chosen fromiron the into military (called intervention. God, Lie went, hadwould put gold, silver, and eachelite person’s soul, Guardians) because they were good at station shepherding and those metals determined a person's in life and . caring for the interest of the community. The Auxiliaries would be in training. The Lie is necessary, Plato argues, in Guardians order to keep a stable social structure. In The Rulers told the of the city that iffed their ownmasses children Plato’s mind, The Noble Liepeople is a religious lie that’s to the to were keep found with bronze orcontrol iron in and theirhappy soul, the dropindown the ranks accordingly. them under withchild theirwould situation life. Plato did not believe And if apeople farmer’s child wasenough born with goldafter in his soul,own he would rise upbest to the most were smart to look their and society’s Guardian Thesmart Rulerspeople also said people different metals in their blood interest.level. The few of the worldhad needed to lead the rest of the flock, stream, Plato and said.therefore And The could Noblenot Lieintermarry. had to continue. The Nature of Anthropology Nature/Nurture Controversy Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) Whereas Aristotle's teacher Plato had located ultimate reality in Ideas or eternal forms, knowable only through reflection and reason, Aristotle saw ultimate reality in physical objects, knowable through experience. Aristotle emphasized experience (nurture) in forging human behavior. The Nature of Anthropology An artifact of late 19th Century Western Civilization The Beginning of Anthropology Shift in Weltanschauung from idea that human Weltanschauung beings are “apart from nature” to the idea that we are “a part of nature.” Just a little shift in prepositions! Charles Darwin exemplifies this shift…. The Beginning of Anthropology The Enlightenment Precursors John Locke (1632-1704) Locke's metaphor of the tabula rasa, "white paper” illustrates his idea that, without experience, no characters are written on the "tablets" of the mind; except through the "windows" of sensation and reflection, no light enters the understanding. No ideas are innate; and there is no source George of new Berkeley simple(1685-1753) ideas other than those two. (Currently under challenge….Sociobiology, Evolutionary Psychology, Behavioral Genetics) idealism: nothing, including material objects, exists apart from perception; external objects are ultimately collections of ideas and sensations The Beginning of Anthropology The Enlightenment Benjamin Franklin (1706 - 1790) Thomas Jefferson (1743 – 1826) When in the Course of human events, it becomes Jean-Jacques (1712-1778) necessary for oneRousseau people to dissolve the political bands which haveonconnected them with and to Discourses the Sciences and theanother, Arts (1751) assume among the powers ofGoethe the earth, the separate Johann Wolfgang (1749-1832) A Discourse upon thevon Origin and Foundation of the Inequality Among and equal(1755) station to which of Discourse Nature and of Mankind - known as the the Laws Second “We seeentitle only what know.”respect to the Nature's God them,we a decent opinions of mankind The Social Contractrequires (1762) that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. The Beginning of Anthropology Other disciplines with similar origins: Sociology - Auguste Comte 1798-1857; Emil Durkheim (1858-1917) Economics - Adam Smith (1723-1790); David Ricardo (1772-1823); Karl Marx (1818-1883) Psychology - Wilhelm Wündt (1832-1920; Wm. James (1842-1910) Anthropometry Physical Primatology Osteology Human Genetics Cultural Ethnography Ethnology Linguistics Social Anthropology Archeology Forensic Anthropology Anthropometry Google: Anthropometry Biometrics One of the earliest specialties Concerned with empirical description of many aspects of the human physical condition….. height; weight; skin pigmentation; skull shape; girth; ratios of measurements, Never good source of theory…has i.e. the aCephalic Index. been mainly descriptive…important part of modern science of ergonomics. Osteology Until recently our knowledge of to osteology has Tibia Study (shinbone) of bone….in provides anthropology a model with Now recognized in prevention of osteoporosis been relatively ignored illustrate emphasis the process on of primates boneofdevelopment: and in identification human remains. (i.e. Clyde Snow and Forensic Anthropology) At birth, skeleton is very small andaonly There arehuman two kinds of tibia bone cells….essentially Long bones such as the grow the way treehard, partially calcified….the skullone and other as outer bone cells thatthe overlap another, andsuch a soft, grows…that is from ends. Using databones from the tibiainterior consist of a cartilaginous model, along and proceed spongy whosetocells develop stress various bones, it bone is possible determine with some to harden as calcification proceeds withapproximate age. lines and provide housing for marrow. degree of confidence such things as the age, sex, population group, represented. Based on skeletal material alone, positive I.D. is rare. Primatology Study of Primates Beforestudies the 1930’s knowledge of free ranging Early included: primates was riddled with “sea stories.” Clarence Ray Carpenter’s of HowlerGorilla. Monkeys on Barrio Colorado Harol\ Bingham’s studies ofstudies the Mountain island in the Panama Canal Zone. These were essentially studies in comparative psychology that employed anthropological field techniques….These studies were interrupted by WWII. Primatology Among these were: After the war studies of free ranging primates were resumed with renewed vigor. Jane studies of among the Chimpanzees DianGoodall’s Fossey’s studies Mountain Gorillas in ofRuwanda’s the GombeVolcanic Stream Preserve NE Tanzania. National in Park. Human Genetics “Bokanovsky's Process,’ repeated the Director, and the students underlined the words in their little notebooks. One egg, one embryo, one adult-normality. But a bokanovskified egg will bud, will proliferate, will divide. From eight to ninety-six buds, and every bud will grow into a perfectly formed embryo, and every embryo into a full-sized adult. Making ninety-six human beings grow where only one grew before.” -----Brave New World Aldous Huxley wrote Brave New World in four months in 1931. Human Genetics aka Population Genetics (Microevolution) Species Largest set of individuals who can mate with one another with genetically viable offspring as a result. Human Genetics aka Population Genetics (Microevolution) Population (Mendelian population; breeding population) Set of individuals who mate with one another more often than with others. Human Genetics Barriers that divide species into populations: Geographic barriers Temporal barriers Psychological barriers Sociocultural barriers Human Genetics The total genetic material of a population is the Gene Pool of that population. Evolution is operationally defined as change in the composition of a gene pool. Human Genetics Processes that effect changes in composition of gene pools: Genetic Drift/Sewell Wright Effect (founder’s principle is related) Natural Selection (i.e. Kettelwell’s pepperback moth study) Mutation Cross breeding Cultural Anthropology Ethnography Ethnology Social Anthropology Linguistics Forensic Anthropology Archaeology Psychological Anthropology Ethnography (ethnos, a people+graphos, a writing) An attempt to give an accurate, objective, valid, reliable account of the way of life of a specific group of people. This is the basic descriptive level of cultural anthropology. Participant Observation is major feature. Laura Tamakoshi’s (above) work in New Guinea is another. Margaret Mead’s work with the Samoans is a good example. (Margaret Mead also worked in New Guinea.) Ethnology (ethnos, people+logos, word) An attempt to give an accurate, objective, valid, reliable account of the way of life of a larger set of people. The Science of Culture. E.B. Tylor,AFranz higherBoas level of generalization…. Ethnologists try to find patterns of behavior that are common to the various groups under investigation. The Comparative Method is an important tool. Cultural Universals…cultural traits manifest in religion some way in all cultures under study. language kinship systems Social Anthropology Area of anthropology most like sociology. Differs mainly on areas of emphasis and the professional identification of the individual. Social Anthropology Social anthropologists been Sociologists have been have concerned concerned mainly with mainly with own society. Kinship and Descent traditional society. Be sure to use the supplemental Powerpoint presentation for more information on social anthropology topics such as kinship and descent, geneaological space, kin types and terms, etc. Linguistics Study of Language Language is a system of vocal symbols by means of which human beings interact in terms of their culture. Be sure to use the supplemental Powerpoint presentation “05WHATDO” for more on morphemes, the 3 “S’s” of language, different specialties, etc. Forensic Anthropology Application of anthropology to law. Clyde Snow, Laura Fulginiti, Gill King, Kathleen Reichs Archaeology (Archeology) Set of techniques and methods to study material remains. Prehistoric (before writing) Paleoanthropology Historic (depends on writing) Garbage Project (U. of Arizona) Psychological Anthropology Largely began as “Culture and Personality” Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict Has morphed into much broader areas: Martha McClintock’s work on menstrual synchrony New think tank at UTD called antÉ….. Institute for Research in Anticipatory Systems