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Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach 7/e James M. Henslin Chapter One: The Sociological Perspective Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 1 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Sociology Is the science that studies human society and social behavior. Sociologists are mainly interested in Social Interaction. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 2 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Sociological Perspective Sociology teaches us to look at social life in a scientific/ systematic way. By adopting the sociological Perspective, we can look beyond commonly held beliefs to the hidden meanings behind human actions. The sociological perspective tells us that we are human beings and that we have learned our behavior from others. The sociological Perspective can help us broaden our view of the social world. To view things objectively. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 3 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Sociological Perspective Sociology can also help us find an acceptable balance between our personal desires and the demands of our social environment. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 4 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Sociological Perspective If we do what we want to do we will conflict with others a great portion of the time. But if we always do what others tell us we will not grow as individuals. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 5 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Seeing the Broader Social Context How Groups Influence People How People are Influenced by Their Society People Who Share a Culture People Who Share a Territory Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 6 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Social Location—Corners in Life Jobs Income Education Gender Age Race Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 7 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective C. Wright Mills—Connection Between History and Biography History—Location in Broad Stream of Events Biography—Individual’s Specific Experiences Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 8 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Sociological Imagination Sociology can also help us view our own lives in a broader social and historical context. The ability to see the connection between the larger world and our personal lives is what C. Wright Mills termed the sociological Imagination. According to Mills good students of society possess this. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 9 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective The Growing Global Context The Global Village Instant Communication Sociology Studies both the Global Network and Our Unique Experiences Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 10 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Sociology and the Other Sciences The Natural Sciences—Explain and Predict Events in Natural Environment The Social Sciences—Examine Human Relationships Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 11 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Anthropology The comparative study of various aspects of past and present cultures, and is the social science closest to sociology. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 12 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Psychology The social Science that deals with the behavior and thinking of organisms, and differs from sociology primarily because it focuses on the individual rather than on the group and draws heavily on tools of the natural sciences. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 13 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Social Psychology Is the study of how an individual’s behavior and personality are affected by the social environment. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 14 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Economics Is the study of the choices people make in an effort to satisfy their wants and needs. Or what this guy tried to teach you! Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 15 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Political Science The examination of the organization and operation of governments. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 16 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective History Is the study of past events and what we learn from them. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 17 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective The Goal of Science Explain Why Something Happens Make Generalizations Look for Patterns Move Beyond Common Sense Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 18 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Origins of Sociology Tradition vs. Science Emerged mid-1800s Grew Out of Social Upheaval The Scientific Method Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 19 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Early Years of Sociology Sociology took root in the 19th Century primarily in France, Germany and England. These nations most strongly felt the effects of the Industrial Revolution. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 20 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Auguste Comte and Positivism Applying the Scientific Method to Social World Coined the Term “Sociology” “Armchair Philosophy” Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 21 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Comte Like most French scholars he was interested in finding a solution to the chaos of the French Revolution. He was heavily influenced by the study of the natural sciences. Comte said sociologists could use similar methods to uncover laws that govern the operation of society. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 22 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Comte Comte said sociologists should be concerned with two problems: Order Change Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 23 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Comte-Social Statics He used the term social statics to describe the process by which the overall structure of a society remains relatively stable. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 24 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Comte-Social Dynamics He applied the term social dynamics to the processes by which elements within a society change in a systematic fashion to allow social development. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 25 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Comte-Cerebral Hygiene At one point in his life he practiced cerebral hygiene, in which he refused to read any other scholars work. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 26 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Herbert Spencer—Social Darwinism Second Founder of Sociology Lower and Higher Forms of Society Coined Phrase “Survival of the Fittest” Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 27 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Spencer Spencer was largely influenced by the views of Charles Darwin. Spencer viewed society as a set of interdependent parts that work together to maintain the system over time. Spencer thought of society in terms of Darwin’s theory of Evolution. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 28 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Spencer No corrections should be made to correct social ills. He coined the phrase Survival of the Fittest in reference to the weeding out process. Because of the strong evolutionary orientation of Spencer’s brand of sociology, it came to be known as Social Darwinism. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 29 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Karl Marx and Class Conflict Engine of Human History is Class Conflict The Bourgeoisie vs. The Proletariat Marxism Not the Same as Communism Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 30 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Marx Marx believed that the overall structure of society is highly influenced by economics. According to Marx society is divided between those who own the means of production and those who only own their labor. The imbalance of power would eventually lead to a conflict. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 31 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Marx Marx was deeply troubled by the social conditions that came out of a capitalist society. He said that social scientists had a duty to try to change the plights of the many less fortunate, unlike most social scientists. Marx did not consider himself a sociologist, nor do most sociologists consider themselves to be Marxist. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 32 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Durkheim and Social Integration Got Sociology Recognized as Separate Discipline Studied How Social Forces Affect Behavior Identified “Social Integration”—Degree to Which People are Tied to Social Group Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 33 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) was French and was a teacher at the University of Bordeaux when he was in his twenties. Durkheim was the first sociologist to systematically apply the methods of science to the study of society. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 34 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Durkheim He was concerned with the problem of social order. He viewed society as a set of interdependent parts that maintain the system over time. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 35 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Durkheim He viewed the role of these parts in terms of Functions. Function- is the positive consequence that an element of society has for the maintenance of the social system. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 36 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Durkheim He also believed that sociology should only study those aspects of society that are directly observable. He also used statistical analysis to study society. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 37 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Max Weber and the Protestant Ethic Religion and the Origin of Capitalism Religion is Central Force in Social Change Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 38 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Weber He said sociologists should go beyond studying what is directly observed. He thought they should uncover the thoughts and feelings of individuals. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 39 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Verstehen and Social Facts Weber Verstehen—“To Grasp by Insight” Importance of Subjective Meanings Durkheim Stressed Social Facts Explain Social Facts with Other Social Facts How Social Facts and Verstehen Fit Together Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 40 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Weber They could do this by using Verstehen- which is the empathetic understanding of the meanings others attach to their actions. In essence the sociologist puts themselves in the place of others and attempts to see the world through their eyes. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 41 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Weber He also applied the idea of ideal type- which is a description of the essential characteristics of some aspect of society. An ideal type is constructed by examining many different features of a phenomenon and describing its essential parts. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 42 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Values in Sociological Research Sociology Should be Value-Free Sociology Should be Objective Research Should Involve Replication Goals and Uses of Sociology Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 43 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Sexism in Early Sociology Attitudes of the Time 1800s Sex Roles Rigidly Defined Few People Educated Beyond Basics Harriet Martineau Published Society in America Before Durkheim and Weber Were Born Her Work was Ignored Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 44 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Sociology in North America First Soc. Dept. U. of Chicago Albion Small Early History: Tension Between Social Reform and Sociological Analysis Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 45 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Sociology in North America Jane Addams and Social Reform Hull House Nobel Prize NAACP W. E. B. Du Bois and Race Relations NAACP Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills: Theory vs. Reform Grand Theorists Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 46 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Current Perspectives Theory is a systematic explanation of the relationships among phenomena. Theoretic Perspective is a general set of assumptions about the nature of phenomena. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 47 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Functionalist Perspective View society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system. Society is held together through consensus. Functionalists view society in terms of their functions-their positive consequences for society. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 48 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Functionalist Dysfunction is the negative consequence an element has for the stability of the social system. EX. Crime Manifest Function is the intended and recognized consequence of some element of society. Latent Function is the unintended and unrecognized consequence of an element of society. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 49 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Conflict Perspective Focus on those forces in society that promote competition and change. Following Karl Marx, conflict theorists are interested in how those who posses more power in society exercise control over those with less. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 50 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Interactionist Perspective Focus on how individuals interact with one another in society. These sociologists are interested in the ways in which individuals respond to one another in everyday situations. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 51 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Symbolic Interactionism Interaction between people that takes place through the use of symbols. Symbol is anything that stands for something else. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2005 52