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Invertebrates 1 Animal Characteristics All organisms in this kingdom have these common characteristics: Multicellular Eukaryotes No cell wall- unlike fungi, plants, bacteria Heterotrophs– consumer not decomposer Have Specialized Cells- unlike protists 2 Needs of Animals Need: Sense and chase down food source Adaptation: nervous / motor systems Need: Break up food and absorb nutrients Adaptation: digestive system Need: Deliver oxygen to all cells Adaptation: circulatory / respiratory systems 3 SYMMETRY Asymmetry – no symmetry Radial symmetry - can cut in equal halves-more than one way Bilateral symmetry – allows for development of brain region in a central location (head) 4 Types of Symmetry Asymmetry 5 Asymmetry-Sponges Only 6 Radial Symmetry 7 Background: different types of body symmetry *Usually simpler organisms *Usually more complicated organisms 8 Bilateral Symmetry They all have a head area with sense organs 9 Development of Organisms Develop from a single cell, the zygote Mitosis forms new cell in a process called cleavage A hollow ball of cells are formed called a blastula Gastrulation is the folding in of the blastula to form two layers These two layers are the ectoderm and the endoderm 10 Development 11 Development Ectoderm develops into skin and nervous tissue Endoderm develops into the lining of the digestive tract and organs associated with digestion In some animals the gastrula forms a mesoderm Mesoderm is the third layer and develops into muscles, circulatory, excretory, and respiratory systems 12 Development Protostome is an animal with a mouth that develops from the opening in the gastrula called the blastopore Deuterostome The anus develops from the opening in the gastrula 13 Body Plans Acoelom- do not have a body cavity, organs are imbedded in tissues Pseudocoelom -(partial) a body cavity partly lined with mesoderm Coelom- a body cavity that provides space for the development of internal organs (something for muscles to push against to move) 14 *Background: types of coelomes (body cavities) 15 Vertebrate vs Invertebrate Vertebrate- has a backbone Invertebrate- has NO backbone 16 Exoskeleton Functions: 1. Protection 2. Prevents water loss on land (waxy layer) Problems: 1. Heavy 2. Growth requires molting 17 Exoskeletons 18 Endoskeleton An internal skeleton that provides support inside the body Advantage: Organisms can grow larger with skeleton inside 19 Endoskeletons 20 Sponges Simplest Animals Asymmetry 21 Sponges Sessile - do not move Asymmetrical No tissue (Only organized cells) 22 Sponges Oxygen and food come in through Diffusion Filter Feeds as an adult 23 Sponge Reproduction Sexual – release sperm into water (external fertilization very common in aquatic animals) Hermaphroditism – sponges have sperm AND eggs to increase the odds of reproduction Offspring can swim to a new location Asexual fragmentation also possible 24 Cnidarians Sea Anemone (Polyp) Jellyfish (Medusa) 25 Cnidarians Evolution of Radial Symmetry Extends tentacles equally in all directions (increase food uptake) 26 Cnidarian Characteristics Basic digestive system Also basic nervous system (nerve net) O2 still enters by diffusion 27 Cnidarian Characteristics Reproduces sexually and asexually Skeleton-none present, but dead coral remains are calcium carbonate 28 Body Plans of Cnidarians 29 Flatworms-Platyhelminthes Planarian – not parasitic Tapeworm – parasitic 30 Flatworm Characteristics No coelom – Why? Many are parasitic O2 and sugar are absorbed in host’s intestine Bilateral symmetry Reproduction-most are hermaphrodites 31 Tapeworms 32 Tapeworm Life Cycle 33 Flatworm or Planaria S e e f u l l s i z e i m a g e . Fresh Water Planaria Uses Pharynx to obtain food Salt Water Flatworms 34 Sheep Liver Fluke 35 Roundworms hookworm - parasitic 36 Roundworms Smooth, non-segmented body Pseudocoelom (moves more) Can burrow through skin (walking around barefoot) Also enters through contaminated food 37 Roundworm Characteristics More Advanced Bilateral symmetry Complete digestive system with mouth and anus Sexual reproduction Oxygen enters by diffusion 38 Hookworms, Pinworms, Tapeworms that were removed from a Brazilian boy treated on a Rockefeller foundation mission (early 1900’s) These parasites still affect people all over the globe. 39 Not a problem in U.S. 40 Why not? Food safety inspections Good sanitation Medication widely available 41 Roundworms Dirofilaria is a roundworm that causes heartworm disease in dogs. 42 Ascaris: a parasitic roundworm Other Roundworms 43 Other Roundworms Elephantiasis results when a roundworm blocks the lymphatic system, causing severe swelling The roundworm is carried by mosquitoes in tropical Africa 44 Roundworms: Hookworms Hookworms attached to the intestines 45 Segmented Worms leech Earthworm 46 Segmented Worm Characteristics Bilateral symmetry Full Coelom (full range of motion, complex organs inside) Complete digestion system Most are hermaphrodites with sexual reproduction 47 Segmented Worm Characteristics Gets O2 directly from moist skin, closed circulatory system with hearts to deliver Food – blood (leeches), or dirt (earthworms) 48 Earthworms Giant Earthworm Regular Earthworm 49 Earthworms Swallow dirt, filter out food Loosen soil, helps to aerate soil for plants Also fertilizes plants with castings (poop) 50 Leeches Two chemicals in saliva to help it take blood from hosts 1. 2. Anesthetic (blocks pain) Anti-coagulant (prevents blood clotting) 51 Mollusks Snail – 1 shell Squid – no shell Clam – 2 shells 52 These are all in the same group!?! inside of a clam 53 Mollusk Characteristics Bilateral symmetry Getting food – filter feeders (clams), grazers (snails), predators (slugs) Getting O2 – gills in aquatic mollusks, primitive lung in snails Open or closed circulatory system 54 Open vs. Closed Circulatory System Open Closed •No blood vessels •Blood in vessels •Blood surrounds body’s organs, delivers O2 •Larger animals •Smaller animals 55 Mollusk Reproduction Hermaphrodites (both mollusks and segmented worms) Aquatic – release sperm and eggs into water Land – meet and swap sperm, fertilize eggs inside 56 Chambered Nautilus 57 Arthropods Four main classes within this HUGE phylum: 1. Arachnids 2. Crustaceans 3. Centipedes / millipedes 4. Insects 58 Arachnids Chigger (flea) Black widow Brown recluse Scorpion Tick 59 Crustaceans Crab Lobster Barnacles 60 Many-footed ones Centipede Millipede 61 Insects Wasp Fire ants Grasshopper 62 Arthropod Characteristics Most successful of all animal phyla Coelom Bilateral symmetry Segmented body Exoskeleton- NOT the same as mollusk 63 shell Arthropod Characteristics •Oxygen enters by spiracles and then into tracheal tubes in some arthropods. Book lungs in spiders. • Reproduction- Internal fertilization (mating) in land arthropods and External fertilization in sea arthropods 64 Arthropod Characteristics Open circulatory system Uses special jaws called mandibles Use Pheromones (chemical signals) for communication and mating 65 Arthropods: Complex Nervous System Sophisticated sensory / motor control Compound eye of a fruit fly 66 Metamorphosis 67 Echinoderms sea urchin sea star sea cucumber 68 Echinoderm Characteristics Bilateral symmetry in larvae Radial symmetry in adults (live on ocean floor) Coelom Endoskeleton Deuterostomes 69 Echinoderm Characteristics Food – variety of diet (some eat clams, some eat algae, some filter feed) Water vascular system (water instead of blood to carry O2) Reproduction typical in water Regeneration possible in some 70 Chordates 71 All Chordates Have notochord – precursor to vertebral spinal column (semirigid, filled with fluid) Vertebrates replace this with a full spinal cord Some chordates are invertebrates still 72 Chordates Chordates have 3 subphylums Tunicates Lanceletes Vertebrates 73 Invertebrate Chordates lancelet tunicate 74 Each of these is a Class in the Phylum Chordata 75