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UNIT 11 ANIMAL EVOLUTON CHAPTER 32: INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL EVOLUTION Archenteron Grade Phylogeny Molecular Phylogeny CHAPTER 33: INVERTEBRATES PARAZOA Sessile Porous Bodies Phylum Porifera Filter/ Suspension Feeders (pump water) Color - symbiotic algae Regeneration Hermaphrodites Phylum Cnidaria Sac with a central digestive compartment Sessile polyp and the floating medusa RADIATA Tentacles (capture prey) Stinging capsules Muscles and nerves (simple) No brain Noncentralized nerve net YouTube - Cnidarian Eating.mov YouTube - Cnidaria Ability To Move.mov YouTube - Sponge Feeding.mov YouTube - Sponge Reproduction.mov YouTube - Sea Sponges Under The Sea BILATERIA YouTube - Planarian Regeneration Part 1.mov Acoelemates YouTube - Planarian Regeneration Part 2.mov Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Free-living forms Mesoderm (triploblastic) True muscle tissue Some parasites (tapeworm/fluke) Lack a digestive tract Flattened dorsoventrally Head (cephalized) Lack organs specialized for Pair of eyespots gas exchange and circulation Smell Osmoregulatory (pharynx opening) Learn to modify their Hermaphrodites, copulating responses to stimuli BILATERIA Pseudocoelemates Jaws Crowns of cilia Complete digestive tract Mouth and anus Phylum Rotifera Some Parthenogenesis (all females) Some degenerate males (sperm donors) Phylum Mollusca Snails and slugs (land), oysters, clams, octopuses and squids PROTOSTOMIA Most have hard shell made of calcium carbonate Muscular foot Gills Visceral mass Radula to scrape up food Mantle Nerve cords Open circulatory system Dorsal heart Circulatory fluid (hemolymph) Arteries Excretory organs (nephridia) Most separate sexes, with gonads (ovaries YouTube - Wow! Giant octopus - extreme animals - BBC wildlife or testes) YouTube - Cuttlefish: Chameleons of the Sea PROTOSTOMIA Coelom Segmentation Digestive system with specialized regions Closed circulatory system Blood pumping vessels Brainlike pair of cerebral ganglia Pair of nerve cords Hermaphrodites, but they cross-fertilize Regeneration (asexual) Phylum Annelida (segmented worms) Earthworm, leaches complex brain closed circulatory system PROTOSTOMIA: ECDYSOZOA (molecular) Phylum Nematoda (round worms) Pinworm, hookworm Nonsegmented pseudocoelomates Tough cuticle covering (exoskeleton) Molting, or ecdysis YouTube - Roundworm inside cat's intestine YouTube - Parasites Eating Us Alive - Part 2 Complete digestive tract YouTube - Parasite Monsters Inside Me - Part 1 YouTube - Monsters Inside Me: Toddler Under Attack No circulatory system YouTube - Monsters Inside Me- Pork Tapeworm Separate sexes YouTube - Removing Intestinal Worms and Parasites from a Internal fertilization PROTOSTOMIA: ECDYSOZOA (molecular) Phylum: Arthropoda Segmented coelomates Two out of every three organisms known are arthropods Nearly all habitats Exoskeletons (cuticle/chiton) Well-developed sensory organs (sight, smell, touch) Molting (ecdysis) Jointed appendages Cephalization is extensive modified for walking, feeding, sensory reception, Open circulatory systems (hemolymph) copulation, and defense Heart (arteries and spaces called sinuses) Specialized gas exchange (gills/ trachea) Phylum Echinodermata Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, Sand Dollars Water vascular system and secondary Radial anatomy Regeneration Sessile or slow-moving animals Endoskeleton Water vascular system Tube feet Metamorphosis from bilateral larvae DEUTEROSTOMIA DEUTEROSTOMIA Phylum Chordata Two subphyla of invertebrate animals plus the subphylum Vertebrata, the animals with backbones Summary the animal phyla we have discussed in this chapter. Choanocytes (collar cells--unique flagellated cells that ingest bacteria and tiny food particles); cells tend to be totipotent (retain zygote’s potential to form the whole animal) Unique stinging structures (cnidae), each housed in a specialized cell (cnidocyte); gastrovascular cavity (incomplete digestive tract with a mouth but no anus) Colloblasts (adhesive structures) for prey capture; eight rows of comblike ciliary plates; gastrovascular cavity Dorsoventrally flattened, unsegmented acoelomates; gastrovascular cavity or no disgestive tract Pseudocoelomates with complete digestive tracts; jaws in pharynx structures (trophi); head with a cilated crown (corona); no circulatory system Coelomates with lophophore (feeding structure bearing cilated tentacles) Unique anterior proboscis surrounded by fluid-filled cavity (rhynchocoel); complete digestive tract (mouth and anus); circulatory system with closed vessels Coelomates with three main body parts (muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle); coelom reduced; main body cavity is a hemocoel Coelomates with body wall and internal organs (except digestive tract) segmented Cylindrical, unsegmented pseudocoelomates with tapered ends; no circulatory system Coelomates with segmented body, jointed appendages, exoskeleton from ectoderm Coelomates with secondary radial anatomy (larvae bilateral; adults radial); unique water vascular system; endoskeleton Coelomates with notochord; dorsal hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits; muscular postanal tail CHAPTER 34 VERTEBRATE EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY Deuterostomes Some Invertebrates 1. Notochord (disks) 2. Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord Central nervous system: the brain and spinal cord phylum Chordata 3. Pharyngeal Slits modified for gas exchange (in aquatic vertebrates), jaw support, hearing, and other functions 4. Muscular, Postanal Tail Both are Invertebrates Larva Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicates/ Sea Squirt) Sessile or Planktonic Tunic (celluloselike carbohydrate) Subphylum Cephalochordata (Lancelet) Small Swim like fish Live in the sand Suspension feeders Endoskeleton Axial skeleton (cranium, vertebrae, ribs) Larger size Appendicular skeleton (support appendages) Active lifestyle Grows Neural crest (form skeletal elements/braincase) Pronounced cephalization Ventral, chambered heart (blood, arteries, capillaries) Vertebral column Gills or lungs Closed circulatory system *Adaptations for feeding, digestion, and nutrient absorption Jaws/ 2 sets of paired appendages Agnathans 4 footed Jawless vertebrates shelled, water-retaining egg eel-like in shape predate the origin of paired fins, teeth, and bones hardened by mineralization (ossification) Subphylum Vertebrata Class Cephalaspidomorphi: Lampreys Class Myxini: Hagfishes Most primitive living "vertebrates" Bottom-dwelling scavengers Slime producing glands Cartilage (connective tissue) Serpentine swimming Toothlike structures (keratin) larvae for years in freshwater streams migrate to the sea/lakes streams Cartilaginous pipe surrounding the rodlike notochord Gnathostomes Chondrichthyes (the cartilaginous fishes: sharks and rays) Osteichthyes (the bony fishes: ray-finned fishes, lobe-finned fishes, and lungfishes) Jaws Paired fins Tail Active predators Jaws evolved by modification of the skeletal rods that had previously supported the anterior pharyngeal (gill) slits remaining gill slits = respiratory gas exchange Class Chondrichthyes: Sharks and rays Cartilaginous skeletons Sharp Bony teeth Streamlined bodies Powerful swimming muscles Buoyancy by storing a large amount of oil in its huge liver Animal is still denser than water, and it sinks if it stops swimming Use muscles of the jaws and pharynx to pump water over the gills Suspension feeders and Carnivores Short digestive tract (spiral valve) Acute senses (predation) Sight good (no color) Smell (nostrils) Lateral line system (detect water pressure changes Detect electrical fields generated by muscle contractions of animals Entire body transmits sound to hearing organs of inner ear (no eardrum) Internal fertilization (cloaca/ male claspers near pelvic fin) Oviparous; they lay eggs that hatch outside the mother’s body. Ovoviviparous; they retain the fertilized eggs in the oviduct. Viviparous; the young develop within the uterus, nourished by placenta Class Osteichthyes: The bony fishes Ray-finned fishes, lobe-finned fishes, and the lungfishes Most numerous vertebrates Ossified endoskeleton (calcium phosphate) Flattened, bony scales Mucous glands Lateral line system Four or five pairs of gills Operculum (muscle movement) Swim bladder Flexible fins Most oviparous Ray-finned fishes Bass, trout, perch, tuna, herring, etc. Fins supported by long flexible rays Lobe-finned fishes Coelacanth Muscular pectoral and pelvic fins supported by extensions of the bony skeleton Lungfishes Lungs connected to the pharynx of the digestive tract Gills (main organs for gas exchange) Aestivate (state of torpor). Tetrapods Adaptations to shallow water Buccal pumping/ mouth breathing (lungfishes and frogs) Leglike appendages Acanthostega Class Amphibia Salamanders, frogs, and caecilians Moist skin to carry out gas exchange Eggs lack a shell (dehydrate) External fertilization (most) Complex and diverse social behavior Rapid and alarming population decline (worldwide) Order Urodela "tailed ones" Salamanders Aquatic and Terrestrial (as adults) Walk with a side-to-side bending swagger (resembling early tetrapods) Order Anura "tail-less ones" Powerful hind legs Long sticky tongue Camouflage Skin glands (distasteful/poison mucus) Brightly colored (poisonous) Metamorphosis Order Apoda, meaning "legless ones," Caecilians Legless and nearly blind Superficially resemble earthworms Burrow in damp soil Amniotes reptiles, birds, and mammals Adaptations to land (terrestrial) Amniotic egg (shell) Extra embryonic membranes Waterproof skin Increasing use of the rib cage to ventilate the lungs Class: Reptilia (lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles) Scales (protein keratin) Lungs Shelled amniotic eggs (land/ leather) Internal fertilization Viviparous (some lizards and snakes) “Cold blooded” Ectothermic (basking) Dominant terrestrial vertebrates for +200 million years Dinosaurs and Pterosaurs Social behavior and parental care Endothermic? key differences between the three groups in their skull anatomy Order Testudines (turtles) Hard shell Lay eggs on land Snakes Descendants of lizards that adapted to a burrowing lifestyle (vestigial limbs) Limbless Carnivorous Acute chemical sensors Lack eardrums but sensitive to ground vibrations Heat-detecting organs between the eyes and nostrils of pit vipers Toxin through a pair of sharp hollow or grooved teeth Tongue (olfactory organs on the roof of the mouth) Loosely articulated jaws Order Squamata (lizards and snakes) Lizards Most numerous and diverse reptiles Relatively small Order Crocodilia (alligators and crocodiles) Among the largest living reptiles Upturned nostrils Order Sphenodontia (tuataras); Two species of New Zealand animals Class: Aves (birds) Amniotic eggs and scales on the legs (reptilian features) Flight Bones are honeycombed (light) Absence of some organs (one ovary) Toothless Gizzard grinds food (crocodiles/dinosaurs) Beak of keratin (adaptations) Active metabolism Endothermic Feathers (retain heat) Advanced circulatory (4 chambered heart) Advanced respiratory Acute senses Sight (possibly the best) Motor skills/ coordination Social behavior Internal fertilization Archaeopteryx Carinates (keels) Ratites (no keel) Passeriformes “perching” Large pectoral (breast) muscles anchored to a keel on the sternum (breastbone) Feathers (endothermy and flight) Class: Mammalia Mammary glands Hair (keratin) Endothermic Circulatory-4 chambered heart Respiratory-diaphragm Fat (retain heat) Internal fertilization Birth (some placenta) Large brains Cognitive abilities Extended parental care Differentiation of dentition (teeth) Inner ear (from jaw bones) Monotremes (platypuses spiny anteaters) Egg laying (reptilian like) Milk and hair Eutherians (Placental) No nipples (just glands) Longer gestation (pregnancy) Marsupials (Opossums, kangaroos, koalas) Early birth Pouch (marsupium) Austraila Therapsids Primates Grasping hands Opposable thumb (big toe) Larger brain Flattened face Stereoscopic vision Nails Finger skin ridges (prints) Extended parental care Complex social behavior Coordination Flexible joints Hominoids Great Apes/ Humans Bonobo chimpanzee Hominids Australopithecines ~5 – 2 mya Homo habilis ~2 – 1.5 mya Homo erectus ~1.6 mya Homo sapiens ~400,000 – 100,000 ya Bipedalism Larger brain (~400 cm3 1300 cm3) Shorter jaws Dentition Sexual dimorphism (male size to female) Extended parental care Family structure Learning ~5 million years of Evolution Human