Download BIOL212StudyGuide2MAY2012

BIOL212
Study Guide “Experience No. 2”
Spring 2012
You should be able to define any term printed in bold in the text, even if the term was
not mentioned in class. Also, check the chapter reviews & concept checks. Be sure
you can answer those questions!
Sponges (Phylum Porifera) are basal animals that lack true tissues.
- Basal: a specific group of organisms whose evolutionary lineage diverged
early in the history of the “group”.
Cnidarians are an ancient phylum of eumetazoans.
- Eumetazoan: member of a clade of animals with true tissues. (All animals
except sponges and a few other groups are eumetazoans.
- Eu = true metazoan = multicellular animals with differentiated tissues
Lophotrochozoans, a clade identified by molecular data, have the widest range of animal
body forms.
- Lophophore feeding structure + trochophore larva structure p. 664
Ecdysozoans are the most species rich animal group.
- Ecdysis – molting process of emerging from an old exoskeleton.
Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes.
So what is a protostome? What is a deuterostome?
Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from
embryonic layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm).
The history of animals spans more than half a billion years.
Animals can be characterized by “body plans”.
New understanding of animal phylogeny is emerging from molecular data.
Know what is and how do you tell what is a:
- Porifera
- Cnidaria
- Playtyhelmenthes
- Annelida
- Mollusca
- Nematoda
- Arhtropoda
- Echinoderamta
- Chordata
(“Extra credit”? Rotifera) What are these groups called? How are they subdivided?
(I.e check your text and what you saw in lab – what characteristics differentiate the groups?)
INTERCONNECTEDNESS
REDUCE – REUSE – RECYCLE
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BIOL212
Study Guide “Experience No. 2”
Spring 2012
Know what is and how do you tell what is a:
- Lophotrochozoa
- Ecdyszoa
- Deuterostomia
What is the difference between a Choanocyte and a Choanoflagellate?
Phylum Arthropoda
- general characteristics?
- Chelicerates – arachnids
- Myriapods – millipedes & centipedes
- INSECTS
- CRUSTACEANS
Phylum Echinodermata
- deuterostomes
- Asteroidea
- Echinoidea
Phylum Chordata
- deuterostomes
- 4 subphyla:
- Cephalochordata (lancelets)
- Urochordata (tunicates)
- Craniates
- Myxini (hagfishes)
- Vertebrata
Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization. (I.e. anatomy &
physiology are related. Size & shape? Hierarchical Organization of body plans? Organ
systems?
Feedback control maintains the internal environment of many animals.
Homeostatic processes for thermoregulation involve form, function & behavior.
Energy requirements are related to animal size, activity & environment.
What are the organ systems in mammals? Components? Functions?
(Esp. Digestive, Respiratory & Circulatory!)
Endothermic, ectothermic, poikilothermic, homeothermic?
An animal’s diet must supply chemical energy, organic molecules and essential nutrients.
Vitamins? Essential amino acids, minerals? Undernutrition, malnutrition? Golden rice?
INTERCONNECTEDNESS
REDUCE – REUSE – RECYCLE
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BIOL212
Study Guide “Experience No. 2”
Spring 2012
The main stages of food processing are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
Terms? Mechanical, chemical and enzymatic components?
Organs specialized for sequential stages of food processing form the mammalian
digestive system. (And how these vary from other animals’ digestive strategies.)
Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems correlate with diet.
Four main feeding mechanisms?
Feedback circuits regulate digestion, energy storage, and appetite.
Circulatory systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body.
What are the various types? And how do the function?
Coordinated cycles of heart contraction drive double circulation in mammals.
How does this compare with the other types? Esp. how this compares with the other
types of vertebrate circulatory systems? How many are there? How are they the same
and how are they different?
Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms
and the unity of life. Natural vs. artificial selection? What is the evidence? Fossils,
molecular clock, gene flow, genetic drift, founder effect, bottleneck effect, fitness, et al.
Directional, disruptive & stabilizing selection.
Hardy-Weinberg equation, gene pools & allele frequencies
Homologous and vestigial structures from a common ancestor vs. convergent evolution
What is Achaeopteryx lithographia? What is its significance in general & “historically”?
p. 718 – 719 & lecture notes.
All quizzes and tests (“experiences”) are cumulative. In other words, everything we
have studied in lecture and in lab and all assigned readings (even though there is not
enough time to talk about everything in the readings in class) may be on any quiz or any
test.
INTERCONNECTEDNESS
REDUCE – REUSE – RECYCLE
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