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Kingdom Animalia Chapter 23 and 24 1 Characteristics of Animals Multicellular and usually organized into tissues -> organs -> or organ systems Heterotrophs Require oxygen to perform aerobic respiration Cells lack a cell wall 2 Most are motile at some point in the life cycle Life cycle includes some sort of embryonic development Most reproduce sexually (some asexually) 3 How animals are grouped Animals can be placed in separate groups based on the following characteristics: 1. Body plan symmetry 2. Number of tissue layers 3. Developmental patterns 4 Body Plan Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry Organisms can be divided equally along only one plane, which splits an animal into mirror-image sides 5 Body Plan Symmetry Radial Symmetry Body parts are arranged around in a circle around a central axis No clear front or rear 6 Bilateral Body Regions Bilateral animals have distinct 1.Heads (anterior) 2.Tail (posterior) 3.Back (dorsal) 4.Belly (ventral) 7 Bilateral animals have 3 layers of tissue (triploblastic): Ectoderm-outer layer that develops into both the skin, brain, and the nervous system. 2) Endoderm-inner layer that lines the animal’s gut. 3) Mesoderm-middle layer that develops into internal tissues and organs. 1) 8 Most radial animals have two layers of tissue 1)Inner endoderm 2)Outer ectoderm Because they lack mesoderm, they lack complex internal tissues and organs 9 Each group, or phylum, of animals has a unique body plan and represents a different way that a multicellular animal is put together. 10 Unique body Plans Vertebrate An animal with an internal segmented backbone Make up less than 5% of all known animal species Invertebrate An animal without a backbone Make up more than 95% of all known animal species 11 Developmental Patterns-First Opening Protosomes Animals in which the mouth is formed first and the anus second. Members of phylums Platyhelminthe, Nematoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda Deuterostomes Animals in which the anus is formed first and the mouth second. Members of phylums Echinodermata and Chordata 12 Developmental Patterns-Type of Gut Gut-tubular or saclike region in the body in which food is digested, then absorbed into the internal environment. 1) Sac-like guts have one opening (a mouth) 2) Other guts are parts of a complete digestive system which consists of two openings-a mouth and a anus 13 Developmental Patterns-Body Cavities Coelom- a type of body cavity. –True coelom – body cavity is completely lined with mesoderm (coelomates) –Pseudocoelom – coelom is not completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm (pseudocoelomates) –Acoelomates – lack a body cavity entirely Importance: favored increases in size and activity by cushioning and protecting internal organs. 14 Phylums of Invertebrate Animals 15 Key for chart Reproduction S = Sexual AS = Asexual Symmetry B = Bilateral R = Radial First Opening D = Deuterostome P = Protosome 16 1-Phylum Porifera Members: Sponges Can reproduce sexually or asexually (budding) no symmetry, no tissues or organs. Other information: unable to move (sessile) from where they are attached Mostly live in salt water 17 2-Phylum Cnidaria Members: Jellyfish, hydra, coral, sea anemones Reproduce sexually (medusas) or asexually (polyp) Radially symmetrical; 2 layers of tissues; no coelom Other information: Have nematocysts – “stinging darts” Can move 2 body forms-medusas (Bell shaped) and polyp 18 3-Phylum Platyhelminthes Members: Flatworms-Turbellarians, Flukes, and Tapeworms Reproduce sexually or asexually Bilaterally symmetrical, 3 layers of tissues, no coelom Other information: Parasites Shape due to no circulatory system Most are hermaphrodites with male and female parts 19 4-Phylum Nematoda Members: Roundworms Reproduce sexually 3 layers of tissue; Bilaterally symmetrical; pseudocoelom Other information: Covered in a tough cuticle Have a complete digestive system Most are free-living, with few parasitic species 20 5-Phylum Mollusca Members: Octopus, squid, clams, scallops, snails, slugs, oysters Reproduce-Sexually or asexually 3 layers of tissue; bilaterly symmetrical; coelom Other information: Most have a hard shell with a soft body Have well developed organ systems Have a brain 21 6-Phylum Annelida Members: earth worms, marine worms, leeches Reproduce either sexually or asexually (fragmentation) 3 layers of tissue; bilaterly symmetrical; coelom Other information: Consist of segmented bodies Many have setae (small hair like bristles) to help them move through soil Have a complete gut, rudimentary brain (with nerve cord), and circulatory system 22 7-Phylum Arthropoda Members: Insects, crabs, lobsters, crayfish, arachnids, centipedes, millipedes Reproduce - Sexually 3 layers of tissue; bilaterly symmetrical; coelom Other information: Hardened exoskeletons -Jointed appendages Respiratory Structures -Sensory Structures Division of labor 23 8-Phylum Echinodermata Members: Sea urchins, star fish, sea biscuits, sand dollar, sea lilies Reproduce sexually 3 layers of tissue; radialy symmetrical; coelom Other information: Well developed skeleton made of calcium carbonate plates No brain, but nervous system is present Water vascular system to deliver water to tube feet for movement 24 Class Arachnida 25 Class Insecta 26 Class Crustacea 27 28 AMPHIBIAN FISH MAMMAL BIRD REPTILE 29 Includes some invertebrates and ALL vertebrates All are bilateral symmetrical 30 1) Notochord-flexible skeletal support rod that supports the body 2) 3) 4) Nerve cord-develops into the nervous system and brain Pharyngeal slits-slits in the walls of the pharynx for feeding, respiration, or both. Tail-extends beyond the anal opening and contains segments of muscle tissue for movement 31 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Agnatha-jawless fish Chondrichthyes- cartilaginous fish Osteichthyes- bony fish Amphibia- amphibians Reptilia- reptiles Aves- birds Mammalia –mammals Placodermi-jawed, armored fish * Of the 8 classes of vertebrates, one class (Placoderms) is extinct. 32 Reproduction S = Sexual Symmetry B = Bilateral First Opening D = Deuterostome AS = Asexual R = Radial P = Protosome 33 Members: jawless fish-hagfishes, lampreys Characteristics: Cylindrical body, a cartilaginous skeleton, and no paired fins. Have sensory tentacles Secrete a sticky, smelly, slimy mucus 34 Members: skates, sharks, rays, chimaeras Characteristics: Marine predators Have pronounced fins, a skeleton of cartilage, and 5-7 gill slits Powerful swimmers, good eyesight, excellent sense of smell 35 Members: sea horse, soldier fish, perch, gar, eel, salmon, tuna, catfish, minnows Characteristics: Most numerous (@96%) and diverse vertebrates Have skeletons made of bone Most have highly maneuverable fins and light, flexible scales 36 37 Members: frogs, toads, salamanders, caecilians Characteristics: most live in damp habitats where their moist skin supplements their lungs for gas exchange. have limbs and feet to support the weight of their body Young -breath with gills; adults- breathe through lungs. Ectothermic 38 Members: snakes, lizards, turtles, tortoises, alligators, crocodiles, tuataras Characteristics: live everywhere except in cold regions. Strong, bony skeletons and toes with claws Dry, scaly skin, almost watertight Respiration through well-developed lungs Produce an amniotic egg Ectothermic metabolism 39 Members: birds Characteristics: have wings for flight are covered with feathers. have scales on their legs lay amniotic eggs that hatch in their nest well developed respiratory and circulatory system 40 Members: wide range of animals: ape, lions, kangaroos, bats, and etc. Characteristics: Some hair Diverse and specialized teeth Endothermic metabolism Mammary glands that produce milk Unborn young usually nourished inside the mother (placenta) 41 Mammals 1) 2) 3) 4) have 4 kinds of teeth Incisors-nip or cut food CaninesPremolars molars 42 Monotremes-mammals that lay eggs Examples: duck-billed platypus and echidna Marsupials-mammals that give birth to underdeveloped young that continue to grow inside the mother’s pouch. Examples: kangaroos, opossums Eutherian(placenta)-give birth to live young that completely developed inside the mother. 43