Download 1. Intercultural Communication Defined Intercultural communication

跨文化交流
项目二
Communication and
Intercultural
Communication
An idiom
Our most basic common link is that we all inhabit
this planet .
——John F .Kennedy
Learning
objectives:
Chapter Outline
Communication and Intercultural Communication
Communication
Defined
Components of
Communication
Characteristics of
Communication
Dynamic
Systemic
Symbolic
Irreversible
Transactional
Self-reflective
Contextual
Communication
Culture and
Communication
Intercultural
Communication
Intercultural
Communication
Defined
Forms of Intercultural
Communication
Lead-in Case:
She Has Three Hands
Read the case and answer the following
questions:
 Suppose you are the Chinese doctor, if you
are communicating with the Canadian
physiotherapist, will his words irritate you?
How would you respond to the situation?
 What caused their communication conflicts?
 What do you think of the different
communication styles of the two doctors?
Text A:
Communication
▲Pre-reading Task:
Form groups of three or four and work together to write a
letter to a penpal friend. Analyze the following elements
involved in the process:
1. What meaning do you want to express?
2. In what way would you like to deliver or organize your
idea?
3. By which channel are you going to send your message?
4. Is there anything that might interfere with the process?
5. How do you think the letter will be interpreted by people
from different cultures?
1. The definition of communication
Western Perspective of communication
Eastern perspective of communication
Western Perspective of communication
In western cultures, communication is studied as the
means of transmitting ideas. Western cultures emphasize the
instrumental function of communication; that is, effectiveness
is evaluated in terms of success in the manipulation of others
to achieve one’s personal goal.
Eastern perspective of communication
Definitions of communication from many Asian
countries stress harmony, which is most notable in
cultures with a Confucian tradition. Eastern cultures’
understanding would define communication as a
process where all parties are searching to develop and
maintain a social relationship.
2. Components of communication
Sender/Source （信息源）
A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.
Message （信息）
A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.
Encoding （编码）
Encoding refers to the activity during which the sender
must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send
an intentional message.
Channel /Medium （渠道）
Channel/Medium is the method used to deliver a
message
.
Receiver （信息接收者）
A receiver is any person who notices and gives some
meaning to a message.
Decoding （解码）
Decoding is the activity during which the receiver attaches
meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.
Feedback （反馈）
The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called
feedback.
Noise （干扰）
Noise is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange
of messages, including external noise ，physiological noise,
psychological noise and semantic noise. Noise is inevitable.
(1)External Noise
Sounds that distract communicators:
voices in the next room; annoying ring of someone’s
cell phone in a meeting; etc.
Other types of external noise that don’t involve sound:
an overcrowded room or a smelly cigar
(2) Physiological Noise
illnesses and disabilities
(3) Psychological Noise
forces with the sender or receiver that interfere with
understanding: egotism; hostility; preoccupation; fear;
etc.
(4) Semantic Noise
caused by using different languages; the use of jargon;
different understanding of the message delivered; etc.
Picture Analysis
What are the components of communication
reflected in the following picture?
Text B
Characteristics of Communication
a. Communication is dynamic
b. Communication is systematic
c. Communication is symbolic
d. Communication is irreversible
e. Communication is transactional
f. Communication is self-reflective
g. Communication is contextual.
Pre-reading Task:
Teacher: Who can guess what it is —a small animal with four legs that
people often keep as a pet and can catch mice easily?
 A Chinese student: It is called “猫” in Chinese.
 A French student: It is called “Chat” in French.
 A Japanese student: “Neiko” in Japanese.
 A Spanish student: “Gato” in Spanish.
 A German student : “Katze” in German
 A Russian student : “Kosta” in Russian.
Answer the following questions:
1. Do we use the same word to symbolize a certain object when we
communicate with those speaking different languages?
2. What kind of process is involved in communication?
a. Communication is dynamic
Communication is an ongoing activity.
It is not fixed. A word or action does not stay
frozen when you communicate; it is
immediately replaced with yet another word
or action.
b. Communication is systematic
（系统性的）
Communication does not occur in isolation
or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a
larger system. We send and receive messages
not in isolation, but in a specific setting.
Setting and environment help determine the
words and actions we generate. Dress,
language, topic selection, and the like are all
adapted to context.
c. Communication is symbolic
（符号性的）
Symbols are central to the communication
process because they represent the shared
meanings that are communicated. A symbol
is a word, action, or object that stands for or
represents a unit of meaning.
People's behaviors are frequently
interpreted symbolically, as an external
representation of feelings, emotions, and
internal states.
d. Communication is irreversible
（不可逆转的）
Communication is an irreversible process.
We can never undo what has already been
done. Although we may try to qualify,
negate, or somehow reduce the effects of
our message, once it has been sent and
received, the message itself cannot be
reversed.
e. Communication is transactional
（交互式的）
A
transactional
view
holds
that
communicators are simultaneously sending
and receiving messages at every instant
that they are involved in conversations.
f. Communication is self-reflective
Human beings have a unique ability to
think about themselves, to watch how they
define the world, and to reflect on their
past, present, and future.
g. Communication is contextual
（情境的）
All communication takes place within a
setting or situation called a context. By
context, we mean the place where people
meet, the social purpose for being together,
and the nature of the relationship. Thus the
context includes the physical, social, and
interpersonal settings.
The relationship between culture and
communication is compared to the
relationship between a map and a journey.
How do you understand and interpret this
simile?
If possible, interview a foreign visitor to
your country. Ask him about how his
cultural background influences his actual
communication practices in China.
Text D
Pre-reading Task:
Imagine you are organizing an international summer camp with children
coming from different countries. What of the followings should be your main
concerns:
problems between children of different races.
problems between children of the same culture.
problems between children of different cultures.
problems between children who share the same nationality
but not the same race.
1. Intercultural Communication
Defined
Intercultural communication refers to
communication between people whose
cultural perception and symbol system
are distinct enough to alter the
communication event.
2. Forms of Intercultural Communication
a. International Communication
b. Interethnic Communication
c. Interracial Communication
d. Intracultural Communication
a. International communication
International communication takes place between nations
and governments rather than individuals;
it is quite formal and ritualized(仪式化) .
United Nations Conference
b. Interethnic communication
Ethnic groups usually form their own communities in a country or
culture. These groups share a common origin or heritage that is apt
to influence family names, language, religion, values, and the like.
c. Interracial communication
Interracial communication occurs when the sender and the
receiver exchanging messages are from different races
.
d. Intracultural communication
It is defined as communication between or among
members of the same culture.
Homework and After-class activities
Go to the library or surf the Internet to get more
vivid examples of the four forms of intercultural
communication.
Now, let’s summarize the
key points
of this chapter!