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The Process of Communication Introduction to basic communication theory 21/06/11 Session 2 – Week 1 Understanding and being understood...? Exchange of meaning between communicators...? A process of developing shared understanding of a subject ...? Definition? ‘Transmission’: ‘Circular’ process: ‘Transaction’: ‘Iceberg’: Competence: ◦ an ‘exchange of information’ along a linear path (Shannon & Weaver; Lasswell; ) ◦ (Schramm & Osgood; Gerbner) of information exchange ◦ an ‘exchange of meaning’ where relationships and situations (context and purpose) are an important aspect of the process (Maletzke; Berlo) ◦ a psychological model that aims to identify hidden influences ◦ Genuine communication almost accidental – one can only hope to achieve communication competence in a given context (Habermas) How to explain “communication?” Communication is a process All theorists however, agree that communication is a process where an ‘exchange of meaning’ is established between a “sender” and a “receiver” Process key terms & concepts SENDER has IDEA Sender ENCODES idea into meaningful MESSAGE Sender TRANSMITS message via chosen CHANNEL “NOISE” may interfere RECEIVER gets the message Receiver DECODES & INTERPRETS Receiver gives FEEDBACK (becomes sender) Process repeated - MEANING is established / exchanged Sender has idea Feedback supplied Idea communicated Encodes Message interpreted Message created Message decoded Channel selected Message transmitted “NOISE” Message received Shannon & Weaver’s model Originally developed to analyse communication over telephone networks (information exchange) Introduced some key communication terms: idea, sender, receiver, encode, decode, message, channel, noise, transmission Shows communication as a linear process, mechanical and irrelevant to meaning The Shannon & Weaver model Circular models add the element of feedback – roles of sender and receiver alternate as the message is clarified and affirmed – interpreted Continues to see communication as “information” exchange, but importance of meaning acknowledged Osgood & Schramm; Gerbner A Encoding B Channel A-B Decoding Transmission Response SOURCE FUNCTIONS RECEIVER FUNCTIONS RECEIVER FUNCTIONS SOURCE FUNCTIONS Decoding Encoding Response Channel B-A Transmission McCroskey’s rhetorical communication model – further development of shared meaning model Maletzke’s mass media model Introduces importance of perception and selection: concepts of gatekeeping and knowledge power Looks at: ◦ the Communicator: individual in ‘real-world’ context ◦ the message: how constructed as well as what information it carries ◦ selection of the medium: the way message is sent ◦ the Receiver: another individual in her/his own context, with his/her own forces at work.... Maletzke: mass media model Berlo’s SMCR model SMCR Focus on perception and context Emphasises importance of relationships Explains communication in more complex, psychologically-realistic terms Shared Meaning or Negotiated Meaning Could also look something like this Most of what we think and feel in a communication context is invisible (‘below the surface’) but influences what we project externally ‘Iceberg’ principle... Communication is inevitably inexact We can only aim for relative communication competence in context 5 key competencies Habermas’ theory Message: Role: Interpretive: Goal: Self: ◦ ability to frame communication appropriately for the context ◦ knowing the appropriate communication behaviours for the situation or context ◦ ability to ‘size up’ the situation and respond appropriately ◦ ability to set & achieve appropriate communication goals ◦ realistic appreciation/awareness of one’s own communication capabilities Habermas Competency model Depends on the depth of analysis required Linear or circular models are limited – too simplistic for in-depth analysis Transactional models ok for simple analysis ‘Psychological’ models are best for more complex communication analysis Habermas is great for self-analysis What model to use? Whatever theory source you use, it must be acknowledged: in text... ◦ Textbook (Author, year, chapter/page) ◦ Article (author, year) ◦ Website (author if known, url) ...and in your final reference list ◦ Complete list with all required details Author Year Title Publisher Publication date Or download date ◦ See referencing handout (on Moodle site) Referencing is essential Just Google communication and you’ll get millions of sites... Be sensible! The text book is still your PRIMARY and best resource for this paper We will add useful resources to the Moodle site as we go... Use Google? Observe Listen Read View Play Keep expanding your understanding