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Minorities and the Criminal Justice System Cross Cultural Communication Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster What is Culture “Beliefs, values, patterns of thinking, behavior and everyday customs that have been passed on from generation to generation” (Shusta, p. 19) Or a group or community with which we share common experiences that shape the way we understand the world. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster What is Culture It includes groups that we are born into, such as gender, race, or national origin. It also includes groups we join or become part of: For example, we can acquire a new culture by moving to a new region, by a change in our economic status, or by becoming disabled. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Communication Process by which information is exchanged and understood by two or more people, usually with the intent to motivate or influence behavior Means to share, not "to speak" or "to write" Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Communications Model Sender The Person who sends the message Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Communications Model Sender Encode To select symbols with which to compose a message Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Communications Model Sender Encode Channel The carrier or form of communication Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Communications Model Sender Encode Channel Decode Decoding or translating the message sent is the task of the receiver! Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Communications Model Sender Encode Channel Decode The Person who receives the message Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Receiver Communications Model Sender Encode Transmit Decode Receiver Feedback Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster A response by the receiver to the sender’s communication But, Wait, there’s more! Feedback Sender A response by the receiver to the sender’s communication Encode Transmit Decode Encode Transmit Decode Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Receiver And More Noise Sender Any barrier to communication Encode Transmit Decode Encode Transmit Decode Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Receiver Culture and Communications Messages are constructed from culture, or “beliefs, values, patterns of thinking, behavior and everyday customs that have been passed on from generation to generation” (Shusta, P. 97) Both the sender and the receiver use their cultural perceptions of encode and decode messages. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster A little more about perception Perception = Process used to sort out the environment Perceptual selectivity = objects/stimuli are screened in or out and then selected Certain stimuli catch our attention We tend to see what we want to see. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Perception and Communication Cultural organization = Categorizing according to our Cultural frame of reference Stereotyping is the most common form of perceptual organization Words can mean different things to different people. Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Nonverbal Communication Defined as actions, behaviors and intonation rather than words Facial expression Voice Mannerisms Posture Dress Sometimes more believable and forceful Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster What is Cross Cultural Communications? Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster High-context and Low-context Communication The degree to which senders and receivers rely on factors other than explicit speech to convey their messages Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Context “all the factors which systematically determine the form, meaning, appropriateness or translation of linguistic expressions. One can distinguish between linguistic context (provided by the preceding utterances or text) and nonlinguistic context (including shared assumptions and information).” (Arnold, D). Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Understanding the Difference Low-context communication: “My words speak for themselves," Prefer to be less direct, relying on what is implied by the communication. High-context communication Prefer indirect messages from others Verbal and nonverbal cues help me understand the meaning Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Different Context – Different Meaning I’m sorry. What did you say? I’m fine. Others? Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Low Context communicating with High Context “nonverbal messages and gestures may be as important as what is said; status and identity may be communicated nonverbally and require appropriate acknowledgement; face-saving and tact may be important, and need to be balanced with the desire to communicate fully and frankly; building a good relationship can contribute to effectiveness over time; and indirect routes and creative thinking are important alternatives to problem-solving when blocks are encountered. “ (LeBarron, M.) Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster High Context communicating with Low Context “things can be taken at face value rather than as representative of layers of meaning; roles and functions may be decoupled from status and identity; efficiency and effectiveness may be served by a sustained focus on tasks; direct questions and observations are not necessarily meant to offend, but to clarify and advance shared goals; and indirect cues may not be enough to get the other's attention” (LeBarron, M.) Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster References Arnold, D. , et al., (1995) Machine translation: an introductory guide http://www.essex.ac.uk/linguistics/clmt/MTbook/ HTML/book.html Shusta, R., et al., (2005), Multicultural Law Enforcement. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ LeBarron, M.(2003) Communication tools for understanding cultural differences. http://www.beyondintractability.org/m/communi cation_tools.jsp Copy Right 2005, Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster