Download Chapter Ten - The Internet and Law Enforcement

Police Technology
Chapter Ten
The Internet and Law
Enforcement
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Learning Objectives





Understand the Historical Development of
the Internet,
Increased navigation skills,
Explore how law enforcement has used
the Internet,
Understand how the Internet might
increase efficiency and effectiveness,
View the Internet as an enhancer of
community orientated policing.
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
The History of the Internet


Licklider’s “Galactic Network”
Department of Defense




Advanced Project Research Agency
APRANet
The First Two Computers “hooked it”
1972 Computer Communications
Conference
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Open Architecture

No one “big” network; rather a collection of
small networks.


Each Network has its own design
Relies on Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP)


Error checking standards
Access points control flow, do not record data
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Bigger and Bigger



Early use was primarily academic
In 1987, Simple Network Management
Protocol (SNMP) was adopted to TCP/IP
In essence the Internet is a system of
protocols that allow different networks to
“connect.”
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
The World Wide Web


The Internet is the system of protocols
that allow different networks to connect.
The World Wide Web (WWW) consists of
Web pages that are connected together
via Hyperlinks.
Hyperlinks may take you to pages on the
same website, or to a website halfway
around the world
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Navigating the Web

A website is a cyber-location
created by people to exchange
information – websites may
consist of a single page, or
hundreds of pages.


The first page is referred to as the
homepage or index page
The physical site (the hardware)
storing the webpage is called the
Point of Presence and the entity
providing the Point of Presence is the
Internet Service Provider (ISP).
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Navigating the Web

People (users)
navigate the web
using a GUI software
tool called a Browser.
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Navigating the Web

Websites have an address called a domain
name.


www.police-technology.net the companion website for
the book “Police Technology.”
The domain name is a series of numbers called
an Internet Protocol (IP) address:


www.hitechcj.com is 209.35.187.202
Numbers would be difficult to recall, so software
called Uniform Resource Locator (URL) translates the
number to names we remember
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Navigating the Web
URL
Hot Tip: The Domain Name is the
plain language we use to find sites
– IP Address is the computer
version they use to find each other!
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Navigating the Web


Domain names have
different parts –



WWW = world wide web
Police-technology = is the
name
.net is the extension
Domain names have
extensions that generally
describe the entity that
manages the website:






.com or commercial
.net or Network
.edu or educational
.mil or military
.gov or government
.org or different
organizations often nonprofit
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Navigating the Web


The most common
website programming
language is Hypertext
Markup Language or
HTML
Websites often use
short programs called
“scripts” that make
your website
interactive
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Navigating the Web


Search engines, like
Google constantly
search and classify
the WebPages on the
Internet.
Once search engines
classify the
information we are
able to search it
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Navigating the Web
(Search Engine Basics)


Search engines
search, retrieve and
classify information.
Search engines use
software programs
called “spiders” to
crawl the web.
Spiders bring the
information back to
the search engine
where it is classified.
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Navigating the Web
Boolean logic is
Typically used by
“end users”
to search the
information as it
has been classified by
the search engine.

Boolean operators –






And
Or
Not
Followed by
Near
“quotation marks”
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Web Terms



Webmaster – the person who creates
and/or maintains the website.
Cookies – information gathered by a
website about a user – often used to
record site settings
Spam – Unsolicited commercial email.
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Web Terms


Hyperlink – Words, information or symbols
that contains coding that jumps the user
to a new webpage when the hyperlink is
click
FAQs – Frequently Asked Questions
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Email and Instant Messaging
Email is transmitting an electronic file from
one user to another. Like regular mail, it can
be sent and opened at the user’s convenience.
Instant Messaging (IM) or Internet Relay
Chat (IRC) is the real-time transmission of
electronic files (conversations) over the
Internet
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Email and Instant Messaging

Generally, email or IM transmitted to or
from an employer’s computer is subject to
unrestricted:



Interception
Monitoring
Auditing
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Listserv


A listserv is a program
that automatically
redistributes email
messages to users to
have registered to the
service.
Crimeweb.net is a
sophisticated Listserv
used by many law
enforcement
organizations
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Law Enforcement on the Net




E-government is following e-commerce.
Most law enforcement websites are static
or one-way systems of communication.
Law enforcement use of the Internet as a
means of communicating and conducting
investigations is increasing.
While the “open” nature of the Internet
does increase interoperability it also raises
security concerns.
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Law Enforcement on the Net

Although the Los
Angeles Police
Department’s website
is probably the
largest, it is primarily
a one-way form of
communication.
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Law Enforcement on the Net
Some crime and
incident reporting can
be completed over the
internet
What crimes can be
reported?
Is this an efficient and
effective tool?
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Law Enforcement on the Net

Advanced law
enforcement
applications involve
real-time crime
mapping. In this
instance, the San
Diego Police
Department provides
real-time crime maps
to the public.
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Law Enforcement on the Net
NCJRS hosts one of the
largest criminal justice and
juvenile
justice libraries and
databases in the world, the
NCJRS Abstracts Database.
The collection, with holdings
from the early 1970s to the
present, contains more than
180,000 publications,
reports, articles, and
audiovisual products.
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Law Enforcement on the Net

Some commercial
organizations, like
policeone.com publish
news, articles and
product information
directly to police
officers.
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Portals
Larger
government
agencies are
beginning to
design portals –
gateways to all
government
services
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Community Policing

As an technology enhancer of community
policing, websites can:





Enhance services
Increase one-way communications
Facilitate two-way communications
Increase partnerships
Enhance problem solving
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Community Policing

Problem Solving






Increased communication
Interactive mapping
Hyperlinks to essential
services.
FAQs
Access to web-based best
practices
Partnership




Community participation in
content and design.
Hyperlinks to essential nongovernmental services.
FAQs
Interactive nature can
make law enforcement
seem more part of rather
than apart from.
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Police Technology
Explore Forensic Science at
www.forensicprofiles.com
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster