Download Cross Cultural Communications

Minorities and the Criminal
Justice System
Cross Cultural Communication
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
What is Culture

“Beliefs, values, patterns
of thinking, behavior and
everyday customs that
have been passed on
from generation to
generation” (Shusta, p.
19)

Or a group or community
with which we share
common experiences that
shape the way we
understand the world.
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
What is Culture

It includes groups that we are born into,
such as gender, race, or national origin. It
also includes groups we join or become
part of:

For example, we can acquire a new culture by
moving to a new region, by a change in our
economic status, or by becoming disabled.
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Communication
Process by which
information is
exchanged and
understood by two or
more people, usually
with the intent to
motivate or influence
behavior
 Means to share, not
"to speak" or "to
write"
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal

Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Communications Model
Sender
The Person who sends the message
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Communications Model
Sender
Encode
To select symbols with which to
compose a message
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Communications Model
Sender
Encode
Channel
The carrier or form of communication
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Communications Model
Sender
Encode
Channel
Decode
Decoding or translating the message
sent is the task of the receiver!
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Communications Model
Sender
Encode
Channel
Decode
The Person who receives the
message
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Receiver
Communications Model
Sender
Encode
Transmit
Decode
Receiver
Feedback
A response by the
receiver to the sender’s
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal communication
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
But, Wait, there’s more!
Feedback
Sender
A response by the
receiver to the sender’s
communication
Encode
Transmit
Decode
Encode
Transmit
Decode
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Receiver
And More
Noise
Sender
Any barrier to
communication
Encode
Transmit
Decode
Encode
Transmit
Decode
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Receiver
Culture and Communications


Messages are constructed from culture, or
“beliefs, values, patterns of thinking,
behavior and everyday customs that have
been passed on from generation to
generation” (Shusta, P. 97)
Both the sender and the receiver use their
cultural perceptions of encode and decode
messages.
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
A little more about perception

Perception = Process
used to sort out the
environment

Perceptual selectivity =
objects/stimuli are
screened in or out and
then selected
Certain stimuli catch
our attention
We tend to see what
we want to see.
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Perception and Communication

Cultural organization = Categorizing
according to our Cultural frame of
reference


Stereotyping is the most common form of
perceptual organization
Words can mean different things to different
people.
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Nonverbal Communication

Defined as actions,
behaviors and intonation
rather than words






Facial expression
Voice
Mannerisms
Posture
Dress
Sometimes more
believable and forceful
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
What is Cross Cultural
Communications?
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
High-context and Low-context
Communication

The degree to which
senders and receivers
rely on factors other
than explicit speech
to convey their
messages
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Context

“all the factors which systematically
determine the form, meaning,
appropriateness or translation of linguistic
expressions. One can distinguish between
linguistic context (provided by the
preceding utterances or text) and nonlinguistic context (including shared
assumptions and information).” (Arnold,
D).
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Understanding the Difference

Low-context
communication:


“My words speak for
themselves,"
Prefer to be less
direct, relying on what
is implied by the
communication.

High-context
communication


Prefer indirect
messages from others
Verbal and nonverbal
cues help me
understand the
meaning
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Different Context – Different
Meaning
I’m sorry.
 What did you
say?
 I’m fine.

Others?
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Low Context communicating with
High Context





“nonverbal messages and gestures may be as important
as what is said;
status and identity may be communicated nonverbally
and require appropriate acknowledgement;
face-saving and tact may be important, and need to be
balanced with the desire to communicate fully and
frankly;
building a good relationship can contribute to
effectiveness over time; and
indirect routes and creative thinking are important
alternatives to problem-solving when blocks are
encountered. “ (LeBarron, M.)
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
High Context communicating with
Low Context

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

“things can be taken at face value rather than as
representative of layers of meaning;
roles and functions may be decoupled from
status and identity;
efficiency and effectiveness may be served by a
sustained focus on tasks;
direct questions and observations are not
necessarily meant to offend, but to clarify and
advance shared goals; and
indirect cues may not be enough to get the
other's attention” (LeBarron, M.)
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
References



Arnold, D. , et al., (1995) Machine translation:
an introductory guide
http://www.essex.ac.uk/linguistics/clmt/MTbook/
HTML/book.html
Shusta, R., et al., (2005), Multicultural Law
Enforcement. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River,
NJ
LeBarron, M.(2003) Communication tools for
understanding cultural differences.
http://www.beyondintractability.org/m/communi
cation_tools.jsp
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster
Cross Cultural
Communications
For more information on Leadership
visit
www.pokerleadership.com
Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal
Justice, Raymond E. Foster