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Culture & Effective Communication Pamela Heatlie Office of Institutional Equity University of Michigan Beginning Points • • • • Generalizations, not stereotypes Automatic pilot Culture clash has emotional impact Ethnocentrism - things are right or wrong viewed from the perspective of your culture • Differences, not better than and worse than Culture is like an iceberg… Cultural Artifacts (e.g., fashion, popular culture) ------------------------------Language and Verbal Symbols Nonverbal Symbols Symbolic Meanings Cultural Norms Cultural Values Cultural Beliefs Cultural Traditions ----------------------------------------------------UNIVERSAL HUMAN NEEDS American Culture • Value individual freedom • Value achievement, hard work and action (and material results) • Value time • Value equality • Value privacy (but are open • Value directness • Value informality • Future Oriented Film Clip http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-1061776432653343493&q=intercultural+communication&total=72&start=10&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=0 Culture is like an iceberg… Cultural Artifacts (e.g., fashion, popular culture) ------------------------------Language and Verbal Symbols Nonverbal Symbols Are you speaking English or are you speaking English? Moving down the iceberg… Cultural Artifacts (e.g., fashion, popular culture) ------------------------------Language and Verbal Symbols Nonverbal Symbols Symbolic Meanings Cultural Norms Cultural Values Cultural Beliefs Cultural Traditions ----------------------------------------------------UNIVERSAL HUMAN NEEDS Collectivism ↔ Individualism Extended Family Nuclear Family Cooperation Competition Equal Distribution of Rewards Individual Rewards Group Belongingness Individual Privacy Confirming and Interdependent Unique and Independent Group Goals Personal Goals Group Oriented Self-Oriented Group Unity and Harmony Individual Autonomy http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2098296093114652442&q=intercultural+communication&total=72&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=4 China Emphasis on Collectivism Countries in the Middle East Countries in South America Ethiopia ↕ Greece and Portugal Finland France Emphasis on Individualism Scandanavian Countries Australia United States High Context ↔ Low Context High Orientation to In-Groups Low In-Group/Out-Group Distinction Relies Heavily on Nonverbal Communication Relies More on Verbal Communication Discussion Very Wide Ranging Discussion More Task Focused Emphasize Relationships and Processes Emphasizes Practical Outcomes Supportive Relationships Common Individual Self-Reliance Common Open and Flexible Time Highly Organized Time http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-949673987039303775&q=intercultural+communication&total=72&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=8 High Context Japan Countries in the Middle East Greece ↕ Spain Italy England France US/Canada Low Context Scandinavian Countries Germany How loud do you talk? Proxemics To interrupt or to not interrupt Achieved v. Ascribed Status Time Expressing Emotions Touch Symbolic Meaning Eye Contact The 8 Habits of Interculturally Competent Communicators • Be aware that what you understood may not be what was meant • Try not to assume sameness, especially when you share a language • What you think of as “normal behavior” maybe only be cultural • be aware that familiar behaviors may have different meanings • It’s okay not to feel good about “different” behavior, but try to understand where it comes from • Keep in mind that people from other cultures are not acting a certain way just to make you mad. Most people behave rationally; you just have to discover the rationale. • If you know that you’re going to be interacting with another culture, try to learn as much as you can about what makes up that culture’s iceberg. • Allow yourself (and others) to make mistakes Questions?
