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Chapter India & China BIG IDEA #1 Physical Geography had an important effect on the growth of civilizations in India and China BIG IDEA #2 The Ancient Religions of India and China share many similarities, but are all fundamentally different. Geography of India • In the far north are the Himalayas – the highest Mountains in the world. • South of the Himalayas is the Ganges River. • West of the Ganges River is the Indus River, which is in modern-day Pakistan. Monsoons in India • A Monsoon is a seasonal wind pattern in southern Asia that blows warm, wet air from the southwest during the summer, bringing heavy rains. • Monsoons cause heavy rainfall across India, which farmers depended for growing of crops. • Heavy rainfall helped farmers develop a surplus of food which lead to growth of civilization. Arrival of the Aryans •Around 2,000 B.C.E. a group of IndoEuropean speaking nomads started to move out of Western Europe towards Iran and later to the Indus Valley. •One group of nomads, known as the Aryans settled in northern India. • From 1,500 B.C. to 1,000 B.C. Aryans moved across the rest of India and interacted with the Dravidians (who were descendents of the Social Structure in Ancient India Part 1 • Males in Indian society were superior to women: –Only Men could inherit property –Women did not work outside the home –Only Men were educated • During the ritual of suttee, where bodies of the dead are set on fire, women were expected to throw themselves on their husbands bodies. Social Structure in Ancient India Part 2 • The Aryans believed that society was divided up into four varnas – social groups – The Brahmins: The Priests and Teachers – The Kshatriyas: Warriors and Police – The Vaisyas: Merchants and Farmers – The Sudras: Peasants and Servants • The Aryan system eventually became caste system, where every Indian was believed to be born into a caste, a group defined by that person’s job. Caste determined what job a person could have and who they could marry. RELIGION IN INDIA • Two of the world’s great religions, Hinduism and Buddhism, began in India. Hinduism • Hinduism formed as a mix of Aryan and Dravidian beliefs. • Hinduism has three chief gods – Brahma the Creator – Vishnu the Preserver – Shiva the Destroyer Beliefs of Hinduism • Hindus believe in re-incarnation, the idea that a person’s soul will be reborn. • Hindus practice Yoga, training to become one with god. Buddhism • In the sixth century B.C., Buddhism appeared in Northern India and became a rival of Hinduism • Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha or the “Enlightened One.” Beliefs of Buddhism • Siddhartha believed that human suffering was caused by an attachment to material goods, and that cure was to let go of those material goods. • Siddhartha taught that all humans could reach nirvana (the ultimate reality) as a result of their behavior in life on earth. Geography of China • China has two major rivers: -The Yellow River (or Huang He) in the north. - The Yangtze River (or Chang Jiang) in the south. •Much of the rest of China is deserts and mountains. Only 10% of China is good for farming. •The mountains and deserts kept China isolated. The Shang Dynasty • From about 1750 B.C. to 1045 B.C. The land between the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers was controlled by the Shang Dynasty. • The Shang Dynasty was farming society ruled by an aristocracy . An Aristocracy is an upper class whose wealth is based on land whose power is passed from generation to generation. • The Shang King ruled from the capital of Anyang The Shang Dynasty pt. 2 • China was divided into many territories that the Shang King picked warlords to run. The King could chose those warlords and also remove them. • The King was also in responsible for defending China and was in control of large armies. The Zhou Dynasty • In 1450 the leader of the state of Zhou lead a revolt against the Shang King and established a new dynasty that lasted almost 800 years. • The Zhou Dynasty continued the system of dividing the kingdom into territories, but it claimed that it possessed a Mandate of Heaven. •The Mandate of Heaven meant that the laws of nature kept order through the Zhou King. The Zhou Dynasty pt. 2 • Because of the Mandate of Heaven the king was expected to rule the proper way, called the Dao. • The Zhou Dynasty was also known for accomplishments like large-scale irrigation used for crops such as rice. • The Zhou Dynasty also Chinese written language. established Written Language in China • Chinese Language makes use of Pictographs which are picture symbols. The Character for Sun is The Character for Trees is The Character for East is the sun coming up behind the trees. The Qin Dynasty • Eventually, just like the Shang Dynasty before it, the Zhou Dynasty became weak, and a civil war broke out between the many states. • The State of Qin took control and started a new dynasty in 221 B.C. •The Qin Dynasty is best remembered for the Great Wall of China. CHINESE PHILOSOPY • Between 500 B.C. and 200 B.C. Three major philosophies developed in Chinas. • A Philosophy is an organized schools of thought. • Unlike India’s Religions, China’s Philosophies were concerned with creating a stable society. CHINESE PHILOSOPIES • The Three Major Philosophies are: – Confucianism – Daoism – Legalism Chinese