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The Asian World 400-1500 China – Mongols – Early Japan/Korea – India – Southeast Asia Early China (a reminder) Zhou Dynasty (1030-771 BC) – utilized the “Mandate of Heaven” to overthrow Shang Dynasty set up a feudal system, made first books, calendar, silk Emperor Qin (221 BC) – Created First Empire, began Great Wall, built royal tomb, unified Chinese calligraphy, standardized system of weights and measurements, coined money (circular w/square hole – to keep on string for protection). Han Dynasty (202 BC – 22- AD– eased the harsh policies of Qin and reduced taxes – would last 400 yrs. Best known – Wudi who made civil service system based on Confucius. Made 1st paper, acupuncture, anesthesia, used Silk Road for lucrative Silk trade with Romans. Regents Practice Both the Ancient Romans and the Ancient Chinese viewed foreigners as barbarians. This is an example of 1. materialism 2. Imperialism 3. Ethnocentrism 4. cultural diffusion Sui Dynasty (581-617 AD) Reunited China after barbarian invasions. Consolidated empire w/state-supported Buddhism and two-tiered bureaucracy Constructed Grand Canal btw. Yangtze & Yellow – longest man-made waterway in history (1200 miles) Negatives – used forced labor, high taxes, military failures (Shortest Lived Dynasty) Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) Empire Builders (Celestial Empire) – conquered territories deep into Central Asia (88 Asian peoples controlled by Tang). Made Vietnam, Tibet & Korea tributary states (although independent had to pay tribute to China) Golden Age of Culture – Li Bai (famous poet), wood block printing, chess (from India), playing cards Medieval China – Politics (Tang) Empress Wu (690-705) Only woman to rule China as independent sovereign Concubine of emperor Gaozong – used her power to place relatives in key positions, owed loyalty to her when he died Deposed in her 80s by aristocratic reaction to her excesses and nepotism (favoritism to relatives) Regarded as evil villain – but not really bad ruler Li Bai (Li Bo) – 8th c. Daoist Poet Amongst the flowers is a pot of wine; I pour alone but with no friend at hand; So I lift the cup to invite the shining moon; Along with my shadow, a fellowship of three. The moon understands not the art of drinking; The shadow gingerly follows my movements; Still I make the moon and the shadow my company; To enjoy the springtime before too late. The moon lingers while I am singing; The shadow scatters while I am dancing; We share the cheers of delight when sober; We separate our ways after getting drunk; Forever will we keep this unfettered friendship; Til we meet again far in the Milky Way. Wood Block Printing – 7th c. Advantage – 40,000 Chinese characters – easier to carve only once. Used for canonical Buddhist texts, later Confucius writing Scholar-gentry class replaced landed aristocracy as political and economic elite. Moveable Type introduced in 1050. Diamond Sutra, earliest printed text - 868 Tang Continued Created land-equalization system - redistributing land based on size of house-hold – strengthen central govt., weakened power of large landholders Civil service exam reintroduced - will be used for next 1300 yrs (covered names, printed so never knew test taker) - meritocracy Three main exports of China come into vogue – tea, silk, and porcelain. Negative – spent too lavishly (one emperor kept 100s of dancers and musicians to entertain his mistress); Arab army defeats Chinese in east in 751 (Chinese prisoners teach Arabs how to make paper), peasant uprisings break China into 10 states, eventually turn against Buddhist. Tang Technologies Steel introduced (mixing cast iron and wrought iron in fire) for swords Cotton introduced Gunpower for explosives and primitive flamethrowers (40 yrds) made of saltpeter, sulfur and charcoal Mechanical Clocks (learned water-powered clocks from Middle Easterners) Medieval China – Intellectual/Tech. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Sui’s Grand Canal Tang’s City of Chang’an (eastern most city of Silk Road – wealthiest in world) Medieval China – Politics (Tang) Weakness of Tang – empire expanded beyond effective communication and control (provincial governors rebelled), as wealth increased – corruption and intrigue (eunuchs controlled access to emperors, became policy makers), expanded bureaurcacy led to increased tax and peasant revolts and land given to rich landlords. Tang Collapse 10th century – Khitan (northern nomadic people) caused collapse (used classic strategy of “barbarians to oppose barbarians” – hired Turkish Uighurs to protect Silk Road, but Kirghis [another nomadic group] defeated Uighurs and then turned on Tang) Song Dynasty (960-1275) Economic Prosperity Iron & Steel production Paper Currency introduced. New Interest in trade – colonies in SE Asia, larger ships (600 people plus cargo) w/multiple masts, compass. Neo-Confucianism – revival of Confucian thought, now mixed with Daoism & Buddhism. stressed importance of observation and investigation. Medieval China – Politics (Song) Northern Song (960 to 1127) unified northern China (except nomadic Khitan), moved capital east to Kaifeng (where Grand Canal was) Constant threat from Central Eurasian nomads Medieval China – Politics (Song) Southern Song (1127 to 1279). Nomadic pressures – forced to move capital south to Hangzhou on coast of Yangtze Lost control of Tibet Economic expansion Increased pop. to 40 million Song rulers forced to pay tribute to foreigners (Jurchen/Jin in Manchuria) Chinese Women Higher position in Tang and Song than in later dynasties. Dowries provided to men, women did not own anything. Footbinding emerged to show subordinate position (lily-shaped foot sign of beauty) – also sign of nobility Footbinding young girls anywhere from the age of four to six before arch developed. the four smallest toes on each foot were broken silk bandages, ten feet long and two inches wide, were wrapped around the smallest toes and pulled tightly to the heel. Every two days, the binding was removed and rebound. After 3 years foot basically died causing great stenches and sometimes led to death of child through infection Although prohibited later during Manchu dynasty still continued and still found in countryside today. AP Practice 11. The Song Dynasty 1. is best known for its scientific and technological prowess. 2. united China’s land under a strong, stable empire that lasted several centuries. 3. successfully resisted the Mongols and remained outside their sphere of influence.. 4. suffered terribly as a result of the bubonic plague. 5. isolated China from the rest of the known world.. Mongols Pastorial people from Mongolia. Organized into clans. Temujin – unified the Mongols and in 1206 elected Genghis Khan (strong ruler) Land where Genghis was born. Mongolian Yurt Mongolian Army Strength based on strategy & mobility (horse-back archers – each soldier had 2 up to 16 horses – could swap – had the technology of stirrup) – small units (10) to be able to deploy in ambushes and feintretreat Genghis Khan’s Empire Only death of Genghis stopped all out attack on Europe Capital at Karakorum – but prohibited fellow Mongols from sedentary occupations or living in cities – but under successors will settle into administrative positions Treatment of Conquered Territory by Mongols Used fear – would decimate towns. If one came out in open – would be saved; if tried to hide – would be killed. One town where son-in-law killed – he had it destroyed to the ground so that the land could now be plowed After Death of Genghis Divided among heirs – khanates Began a movement against Persia & China. Learned gunpowder from China (now handguns & cannons) Kublai Khan – 1279-1294 Grandson of Genghis. Conquered Song Dynasty established new dynasty – Yuan (good at adapting to Chinese politics – except highest positions reserved for Mongols) Marco Polo visits China and was impressed by court of Kublai Khan. Pax Mongolia Expanded into Vietnam Mongols in China • Government – favored Mongols and allied Islamic peoples over Chinese (even gave administrative jobs to foreign merchants like Marco Polo), did not like Confucianism so no Civil Service Exam – scholar-gentry very angry over this. • Class Distinctions- intermarriage prohibited, Chinese forbidden to learn Mongol script – but Kublai was fascinated with Chinese court practices • Mongol Women – refused to practice foot binding, some continued to hunt and fight in war – but Mongol stay in China to short to influence China’s long-standing Confucian treatment of women. • Religion – although traditionally animist, Khans very interested in other religions (Buddhism, Christianity, Daoist and Muslims all in Khan’s court) AP Practice In China, the Mongols broke with Chinese traditions by 1. forbidding foreign merchants to enter the country. 2. encouraging the Confucian system of education. 3. continuing civil service examinations. 4. imposing foot-biding on their women. 5. allowing foreign administrators to enter China. Japan’s Kamikaze 1274, 1281 Tried to go against Japan but horse archery not successful against islands According to myth twice Japan saved by “kamikaze” divine winds or typhoons (Reality – ships were flat bottom boats – not good for rough sea; also may have been sabotaged by Korean shipbuilders upset with Mongols) What defines a “Golden Age”? Under Pax Mongolia - Trade flourished, and travelers such as Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo were able to write remarkable accounts of the lands they visited, but led to bubonic plague, also opened up. The Black Death, originating in Central Asia, was one of a succession of plagues that followed the trade routes by land and sea, decimating parts of Europe and China. Collapse Too much money spent on conquest Internal corruption Peasant overthrew government and established Ming Dynasty Mongol Empire Golden Horde (Tartars) One of the khanates or grandson of Genghis Khan, Batu Khan, advanced far into eastern Europe and established in 1251 the rule of the Golden Horde in Russia. As a result, Russia experienced a cultural decay and isolation from Europe - reason for why Russia is part of Asia during Middle Ages. AP Practice The Mongols a. succeeded in their attempt to conquer Japan. b. facilitated trade along the Silk Roads. c. constructed cities and irrigation systems during their conquest of Persia. d. had little respect for craftsmen and their work. e. established no communications with western Europe. AP Practice The Mongol Empire was divided into four Khanates, which governed all of the following lands EXCEPT a. China b. Korea c. Russia d. Persia e. Japan Homework Bell Ringer What is a this type of tree called? “Japan” named by Marco Polo In 1200s, Japanese call it Nippon or “Source of the Sun” Geography: How did the geography of Japan influence its cultural development? •Archipelago (chain of islands) •Sea of Japan/Pacific Ocean Because Mountainous – need terrace farming; need to acquire raw materials from China •Mountainous •Mild Climate 120 miles to China – close for cultural contact, far away to avoid direct political domination Mts w/limited agricultural land (only 20%) promoted regionalism and competition (ultimately militarism) 1500 earthquakes a year w/over 150 volcanoes (60 active – not Fuji) Protected from invasion (why very different from China – no real central authority needed) 18TH Century Japan Formation of Haiku • Three lines. • Five syllables, Seven syllables, Five syllables. • Theme is generally related to nature. • Avoid end-rhyming the lines. • Vary the rhythms from line to line. • Avoid ending too many lines in a row with a one-syllable word. In the rains of spring An umbrella and raincoat Pass by, conversing. - Buson Summer smells are here Not cut grass or sweet flowers Just armpits, funk feet An original composition by Ms. Lyons when she was working at Barnes and Nobles and customers were taking off their shoes! Yuck Cultural Borrowings from China (400-800s): •System of clan – family groups tracing origins to a common ancestor. People live in extended families. •Chinese writing •Buddhism (“becomes the vehicle for spreading Chinese culture to Japan”), Confucianism & Taoism •Architecture of palace and shrines imitate Chinese styles. •Some ideas rejected – Chinese “civil service” did not work in Japan – not impressed with Confucianism Korea greatly influenced the development of early Japan by 1. acting as a bridge for ideas from China 2. providing Japan with the technology for industrialization 3. serving as a barrier against Chinese aggression 4. protecting Japan from early European exploration A valid generalization about early Japanese culture is that Japan 1. had a strong influence on the development of culture in Korea 2. spread Shinto throughout Asia 3. maintained a uniquely individual culture while borrowing much from other cultures 4. imported almost all of its cultural ideas from China, resulting in nearly identical cultures Japanese Writing – Many of the characters were of Chinese types. They used wooden tablets (strips) called mokkan. The mokkan were of several types, including documents, labels for goods in transport, and tallies for other classification purposes. Helped to make for a strong administration. Japanese Religion – Zen Buddhism – the Yamato ruler in 552 welcomed Buddhist missionaries from China. Shinto – traditional Japanese religion based on respect for nature. Worshipped kami (spirits). There are "Four Affirmations“ in Shinto: 1. Tradition and the family: The family is seen as the main mechanism by which traditions are preserved. Their main celebrations relate to birth and marriage. (closely connected to Confucianism) 2. Love of nature: Nature is sacred; to be in contact with nature is to be close to the Gods. Natural objects are worshipped as sacred spirits. 3. Physical cleanliness: They take baths, wash their hands, and rinse out their mouth often. 4. "Matsuri": To worship and honor gods and ancestral spirits. LET’S BRAINSTORM – What other religions/belief systems have similar features as Shinto? Why do they have these similarities? What does it say about their culture and or social values? Animism – nature spirits Confucianism - family Islam cleanliness Political History of Japan: •400 – Yamato emerged as strongest clan (first and only Japanese dynasty). This dynasty is still present. •800s – As Chinese influence decreased, the Yamato Emperor lost real power – became figurehead, while noble families (such as Fujiwara) gained new power. 1603 to WHY DID JAPAN ONLY HAVE ONE DYNASTY WHILE CHINA HAD SEVERAL? Feudalism comes into existence. (knights = samurai) – a decentralized political structure (geography supports decentralized) 1192 powerful samurai leader Yoritomo Minamoto becomes first shogun (chief general under emperor). These shoguns become key feudal lords. 1500s – after civil war Hideyoshi unites all of Japan under his control. Feudal societies are generally characterized by 1. 2. 3. 4. an emphasis on social order a representative government many economic opportunities the protection of political rights The diagram illustrates the social structure of feudal Japan. This pyramid shows that feudal Japan had • 1. 2. 3. 4. a classless society a growing middle class high social mobility a well-defined class system Samurai Code of Conduct – bushido (“way of the warrior”) is similar to notion of chivalry. •Loyalty •Obedience •Simplicity •Courage •Honor Those who disgraced the code of conduct were expected to kill themselves – seppuku. Samurai statue near Imperial Palace Samurai armor for a boy, 16th century. • Bushido – bravery, pride, honor, absolute loyalty, disdain for death (“Death before Dishonor”), commit ritual suicide (seppuku) if fail in battle, etc. • Skilled in martial arts, horsemanship and archery AP Compare/Contrast Questions • Why would a place choose a feudal governmental structure? • How does feudalism in Japan and Europe compare/contrast? • Why do they have these differences & similarities? Feudalism in Western Europe was similar to feudalism in Japan in that 1. power was based on class relationships 2. equality among the social classes 3. direct democracy 4. monotheism The code of bushido of the Japanese samurai is most similar to 1. 2. 3. 4. belief in reincarnation and karma of Hindus practice of chivalry by European knights teachings of Judaism theory of natural rights of the Enlightenment writers Japan - Social Korea will have Bone Ranking System – very similar with color limits (Is this where color belt system comes from in Karate / TKD?) • People were also • Women in Japan classified into different – Had rights in early ranks and were required Japan to wear clothing with – When introduced colors and styles Buddhism relegated approved for each specific women to a rank. subordinate position • Most were peasants who – Nevertheless, played a role in all worked the land owned by levels of society the lord – Aristocratic women • eta, hereditary – confined behind screens would write slaves diaries and poetry Class System Emperor and Imperial Court Families Shogun Daimyo Samurai Ronin Farmers (peasants) Artisans Merchants Outcasts: eta Japan – Intellectual/Technological • Terrace farming • Writing system based on Chinese • Military weapons Tokugawa Shogunate • 1860s –– period of peace and stability with strong central government that replaces feudal warfare • Shoguns replace power of emperor. • Strong isolationism – Japanese merchants can not trade with outsiders – under penalty of death (allow only one ship a year – Dutch) • Caused because Christian missionaries began destroying Shinto shrines In Japan between 1603 and 1868, the most notable action taken by the Tokugawa Shogunate was the 1. military conquest of China 2. development of extensive trade with the Americas 3. formation of cultural links with Europe 4. virtual isolation of the country from the outside world Japanese Feudalism – Court Life – preserved through writings of Murasaki Shikibu (900s). Tale of Genji (world’s first novel)