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“That light we see is burning in my hall. How far that little candle throws his beams!” Portia, The Merchant of Venice, Act V, Scene 1 Those who can, do Those who don’t do, teach Those who don’t teach, think. Dbeau, 2007 Mountain Ranges caused by Plate Collisions: Ancient (blue) Modern (orange) From Blakey South Africa Colored Lines (Mountains) on Continents locate areas of possible Metallic Ores 60 to 90 Miles Continental Crust up to 50 miles thick Next: Iron Ores around Lake Superior Oldest Rocks of North America Iron Ore Oldest Eroded Grenville Mountains At the surface Llano “window”, TX Adirondacks, NY Two Pre-Cambrian Mountain Ranges Iron Ore: Minnesota and Upper Michigan Lake Superior What moves the Continents? Mantle Convection Cells Moving Crustal Plates Heated Complex Shape of Mantle Convection Cells Crustal Plates Oceanic Crust What did “moon” rock did Stephen buy one dark night in Calgary? Geology in the News Tight Gas Rocks Geology in the News USA Haynesville gas shale: Barnett gas shale: USGS est. 30 Trillion Drill depth 13 to17,000 ft Current est. 6 Trillion Well cost $6.5 to $8.5 million $24,000 pdeb = $15.00/gal And now to Session 4 Senior University Fall 2008 Session 4 Last Week: The Iron Age: 1,400 to 750 BC The “Roman” Age: 750 BC to 750 AD Out of the Flood Plains and into the Hills Division of Historic Time Silicon Age Modern Age Steam Age 1950 to Present 1900 to 1950 1830 to 1950 Industrial Age Renaissance Middle Ages 1700 to 1830 1450 to 1700 470 to 1450 Roman Age 750 BC to 470 AD Iron Age Bronze Age 1400 to 750 BC 3300 to 1400 Copper Age 3300 to 3000 Stone Age (end of Ice Age)10,000 to 3000 Historic Geologic Time 21st Century: Russian Iron Coal & Oil vs USA Coal USA Iron Coal & Oil Silicon Age 1950 to Present Europe Iron & Coal Modern Age Steam Age 1900 to 1950 1830 to 1950 European Metals vs Asian Metals & Hordes Industrial Age Renaissance Middle Ages 1700 to 1830 1450 to 1700 470 to 1450 Now a Quick Review Iron Empires Roman Age Farms vs Iron (hills) Iron Age Bronze Age Six Farm Empires 750 BC to 470 AD 1400 to 750 3300 to 1400 Hills vs Plains Tribes Stone Age (end of Ice Age)10,000 to 3000 Review: Humanid Sites: 1 million to 10,000 ybp Yellow Yangtze Remember the Stone Age? From: Ron Redfern, 2000, Origins Favorable Rivers: Near but not too near the Melting Glacier The Stone Age: A Review Stone Age: Review: Topography & Soils = Tribal Areas Stone Age and Different Stories BC AD Stone Age: Review: Stone Tools and Weapons Clay building bricks & pottery Stone building blocks First Geologists: No Record A Summary of the Bronze Age The Bronze Age: 3300 to 1400 BC Stone Age Bronze Age: BC AD Bronze Hinduism Weapons=Copper & Tin mixture Tools and Confucianism Territorial Conquests=Powerful Nations The Bronze Age of 3 Major Religions Judaism Advent 3300 to 1300 BC International Trade Routes Christianity Islam Where did Bronze Age Nations Flourish? Buddhism Six Early Major Civilizations: In the Six Major River Flood Plains Tigris Euphrates Yellow Yangtze Indus Nile Nile Ganges From: Hammond Atlas, 1972 Egypt a Classic Example Nile From: Hammond Atlas, 1972 The Bronze Age 3300 to 1300 BC: Egypt Bronze Age Iron Egypt Bronze = Copper and Tin or Arsenic Where did Egypt get Copper and Tin? From: Halley’s Bible Handbook, 1991 Possible sources for Copper and Tin Tin Tin Phoenician Empire: 800 to 270 BC Copper a Trading Nation Egypt Tin Phoenician Empire: 800 to 270 BC Southern Spain Let’s look at southern Spain National Geographic, Dec. 2007 Southern Spain: Mineral Resources Copper And lead, silver, zinc, mercury, etc Phoenicians in northwest Africa Phoenician Empire: Northwest Africa National Geographic, Dec. 2007 Phoenician Empire: Northwest Africa Copper, Iron, Lead & Zinc! Now a detail map of northwest Africa Phoenician Empire: Northwest Africa Copper, Iron, Lead Zinc! Now back to Egypt in the&Iron Age Bronze Age 3300 to 1400 BC Iron Age 1400 to 750 Egypt Iron Iron Observation: Ready sourse of Iron Iron Iron equips armies for conquest!! Iron Age Egypt had a domestic source ofin Iron: Let’s see what happened the Iron Age Egypt: A Major Bronze Age Civilization Iron=better tools and weapons than Bronze in inArabian Gulf river plain the Flood plain ofConquers theflood Nile River Iron=Superior Weapons: Egypt nearby Lands From: Halley’s Bible Handbook, 1991 From: Hammond Atlas, 1972 Early Civilization Arabian Gulf The Tigris & Euphrates Flood Plain Tigris Euphrates Yellow Yangtze Indus Nile Nile Ganges From: Hammond Atlas, 1972 The Fertile Crescent & Ancient Trade Routes Tigris Euphrates From: Aramco Handbook, 1968 Tigris-Euphrates Flood Plain: (Iraq) Site of Bronze Age Sumarian Nation From: Hammond Atlas, 1972 Note: No metals in Iraq or Iran! But look here in Turkey What’s going to happen as we go into Who hasAge? the iron weapons? the Iron Either Sumeria will move into Turkey Sumerian Empire, 1700BC or theinTurks will move south Earliest Arabian(Hittites) Gulf and conquer Sumeria. From: Hammond Atlas, 1972 Arabian Gulf Nations Bronze and Early Iron Ages Iron Age in the Middle East: Time of constant competition between iron rich nations: Egypt, Turkey, and Arabia Assyria Example: Assyrian Empire Late Iron Age 700 BC Out of the Floodplain to acquire the Iron of Turkey & Egypt The Middle East and Egypt Late Iron Age Bronze Age Iron Roman Assyrian Empire 700 BC Incorporating River Floodplains with nearby “hills” where there are metals Median & Chaldean Empire 6th Century BC (Late “Iron Age”) Iron!!! Flood Plains Next: The Persian Empire: Greece to India: 5th Century Greece Egypt Persia India Persian Empire: 5th Century From the hills of Iran to Greece Egypt and to India! Later Conquered by the Greeks Summary: Tigris-Euphrates Flood Plain Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Roman Assyrian Empire 700 BC Median & Chaldean Empire 600 BC Persian Empire 500 BC Remember India? Hill country Iron floodplain Empire With Iron; Small eastern “State” Conquers all of India and Beyond!!! Earliest Finally, back to China Latest Where were the early Chinese Civilizations? From: Hammond Atlas, 1972 In the flood plains Flood Plains of China Topography From: Hammond Atlas, 1972 Natural Resources From: Hammond Atlas, 1972 Remember the Map of the Metallic Ores Ores immediately adjacent to flood plains Major Rivers of China Natural Resources Map China Dynasty: 1027 to 771 BC Mid-Iron Age From: Hammond Atlas, 1972 China Dynasty: 1027 to 771 BC Mid-Iron Age Note: The Great Wall Mongolia China: late Iron (Roman) Age A Yellow and Yangtze river Dynasty China 220 to 206 BC Late Iron (Roman) Age What can we surmise about the state of Geology in the civilized world during the Bronze and Iron ages? State of Geology in the Bronze and Iron Ages 1. Worldwide use in mined metal ores 2. Worldwide use in stone quarrying and pottery clay digging 3. Knowledge craftsmen Back to developed Europe inbythe everywhere!!! mid & late Iron (Roman) Age 4. No significant written records!! It’sthe outhistorical of the flood plains and and Only record of armies into hillsweapons where the iron is located theirthe metal Division of Historic Time Silicon Age Modern Age Steam Age 1950 to Present 1900 to 1950 1830 to 1950 Greece is the first major Industrial Age 1700 to 1830 “Hill” Country Empire Renaissance 1450 to 1700 Middle Ages Iron Age dbeau 470 to 1450 Two Hill Country Empires Roman Age Iron AgeFlood Plains vs Bronze Age 750 BC to 470 AD Hills1400 to 750 BC 3300 to 1400 Copper Age 3300 to 3000 Stone Age (end of Ice Age)10,000 to 3000 The Greek Empire: 330 to 146 BC Iron Age 1400 to 750 BC Stone Age Bronze Greek Empire 330 to 146 BC Greek Empire created with Iron Greek Empire: 600 BC Geologic Observations by Greek Thinkers National Geographic, Dec. 2007 Geologic Observations by Greek Thinkers Aristotle: 384 to 322 BC Fossil fish on mountains Erosion and Deposition Empedocles and Pliny: Volcanic eruptions Earthquakes “Scientific Method”: Deductive and Inductive Reasoning Theophrastus: First Geology Textbook?, “On Stones” Geologic Observations by Greek Thinkers Theophrastus: Text, “On Stones” Workman’s Views on Origin of Stones and Minerals Identification of Minerals: Same physical properties we use today Greek Empire: 300 to 146 BC From the Danube to the Nile, to the Indus rivers Danube A small “hill-country” nation conquers Indus River three ancient river flood plain empires And all the metallic ores Nileacquires River in the Nearby Hills Greek Empire: 300 to 146 BC From the Danube to the Nile, to the Indus rivers Three river flood plains of ancient Civilizations!! Greece How & Where did it all start? Ancient Greece: Natural Resources & Topography Let’s focus on The natural Metallic ores of Greece Greece of the Greek Empire Greek Empire: 300 to 146 BC Greek Now to the Roman Empire 146 BCinto 476 Greece AD Metals Ancient Roman Empire: 146 BC to 478 AD Iron Age 1400 to 750 BC Stone Age Bronze Greek Empire 330 to 146 BC Dbeau Iron Age Roman Empire 146 BC to 476 AD Where was the Roman Empire? Roman Empire Where did it all start? Extended from England & Spain through Egypt to Iraq Controlled vast mineral resources as well as huge populations National Geographic, Dec. 2007 Roman Empire: Getting Started Iron Iron Po River Flood plain First Roman Expansion The Growth of the Roman Empire 218 BC Detail Map of Sardinia Why did Rome annex Sardinia? Roman Iron Sardinia: Natural Metallic Resources Next Expansion: Greece Defeated The Growth of the Roman Empire 100 BC (end Greek Empire 146 BC) Detail Map of Southern Spain Acquiring Metals in Spain, North Africa, and Turkey for Tools and Weapons of War Spain inIronthe Roman Empire Iron Copper Lead & Zinc Iron More Expansion: France Defeated the Greeks Acquired Metals in Spain & in France All the way to the Rhine! What next? Roman Empire: Caesar BC Acquiring Metals in Egypt Agustus BC And Roman Empire: Claudius BC Acquired England, Wales, Turkey & Egypt with their natural resources Now, Let’s assemble today’s Europe & see how Natural Resources of Iron, Coal & Oil were created Last Week: 300 Million Years Ago No America Colliding with So America & Africa Texas “Appalachian” Mountains 30 Million Years Later Last Week: Creation of Super Continent Pangaea Greenland 270 million years ago (MYA) West Texas Permian Basin Northern Europe Africa Southern Europe And on the Flanks of the Mountains South America Origin of the Coals of Pennsylvania, England, & Germany A Closer Look at Early Europe Northern Europe: 270 Million Years Ago Appalachian Furnace European Furnace 40 Million Years Later Detail of Previous Map Can you find prototype Europe? England Spain Italy 40 Million Years Later: 230 Million Years Ago 60 Million Years Later: 170 Million Years Ago Spain Early Atlantic Ocean Italy & Greece 20 Million Years Later: 150 Million Years Ago Spain Italy & Greece Alps Italy & Greece 60 Million Years Later: 90 Million Years Ago Atlantic Ocean 70 Million Years Later: 20 MYA Next Week Fall of the Roman Empire to Columbus What a ride! The 1000 Year Struggle for the Iron and Coal of Europe