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Civilization & Empires In Southwest Asia WORLD HISTORY NOTES DATE: _________________ Why is it important for people (especially farmers) to settle near rivers & streams? o _______________________________________________________________________. Mesopotamia o The region between the _____________ and the _______________ is known as _______________________. o One of the first villages to emerge was _____________. The villagers were called _______________. Sumer o ___________ was neither a city nor a country. Rather, it was a collection of separate cities with a common way of life. They shared a common culture. o Historians believe that Sumerians built the world’s first __________________. What defines the term “Civilization?” o _________ Traits that are Essential for a Civilization 1. ________________________ o Not Just Population growth, but also a __________________________ emerges for a larger area. Farmers, Merchants, Traders bring goods to market in the cities. 2. ________________________ workers became skilled in one particular job. o Ex. _______________: Workers who made goods by hand. o Farmers were able to produce more than what was needed for themselves. They had a surplus of crops and were able to trade their extra goods for a different good or service. (An end to______________ _____________________) 3. ____________________________ o Enables people to make records of data. Merchants needed accounts of debts and payments. o The Sumerians created _______________, which is a system of writing with wedge-shaped symbols. (Around 3,000 B.C.) o Cuneiform Tablets (see image on left) o Imprints of signs, called ____________, were made by pressing a wedgeshaped stylus into wet clay. 4. __________________________ o The Sumerians were skilled in science & technology. o Ex. Invention of the wheel, plow, sailboat. o Use of bronze (mixture of ____________ & __________) —”Bronze Age” 5. __________________________ o Having an organizational system to run a city. (This is a ____________ that is essential for a civilization.) o Fertile Crescent Disadvantages __________________ is an example of a complex institution. Sumerian Solutions Polytheism- _________________________________________. o The Sumerians were _____________________. They believed that their gods were a lot like them except they were_____________________& ____________________________. Anu- “God of Heaven” Enlil- “God of Clouds & Air” Ea- “God of Water & Floods. o Afterlife: Sumerians believed that their souls went to “________________________,”a gloomy place between the earth’s crust & the ancient sea. Who ruled Sumer? o _______________________ & ______________________ o Priests had power because they “_______________________________” and keep the city safe. o Sumerians began by choosing a strong warrior to lead them into battle. These leaders eventually became kings. Kings became a _________________ position. Sargon – The World’s First Emperor o Leader of the _______________________ o Conquered _________________ o Sumer’s Downfall o For 1,000 years (3,000-2,000 B.C.) the city-states of Sumer were at war with one another. o All the fighting weakened the city-states so much that they could no longer ward off attacks from outsiders (___________________). o 2,000 B.C. Nomadic raiders swept through ________, leaving it in ruins, thus ending the last of the great city-states. Turning Point In History: “__________________ ______________” o Around 2,000 B.C. a group of nomadic warriors known as the Amorites invaded Mesopotamia. o The Amorites established ________________ as their capital city. Hammurabi (1792-1750 B.C.) was a powerful and influential king. o Babylon’s civilization was becoming so complex that there was a need for written laws to help resolve disputes. o Hammurabi established a collection of laws that became known as “______________________” Purpose of Hammurabi’s Code There are 282 specific laws. 88 Laws deal with marriage, family, property. 3 Fundamental Principles: 1. ___________________________ to punish crimes. (Eye for an Eye) 2. ___________________________ (Double Standards existed between social classes). 3. ___________________________ had a responsibility for what occurred in society. Phoenicians o Around 1100 B.C. the Phoenicians were the most powerful traders around the Mediterranean Sea. o 300 Phoenician cities sprouted up around Africa’s Mediterranean Sea o The highly prized _______________ ________ for which the Phoenicians were renowned was extracted from a gland of the murex snail. Each snail yielded only a drop of yellow liquid, which darkened on exposure to light. Processing required slow simmering for about two weeks. Up to _____________ snails were needed for each pound of dye. o Phoenician Contribution: Around 900 B.C. the Phoenicians developed a _____________ _______________ with 22 symbols (versus the 600 symbols in Cuneiform). The _____________________ is born!! Jews & Monotheism o Monotheist: _________________________________________________________________. o The Jews were one of the smallest groups in the ancient Fertile Crescent, but their influence on history was far-reaching. o Moses & the Ten Commandments By the laws set forth to Moses, God demanded a high standard of moral conduct from human beings. This emphasis on ___________, _____________, and an _________________________________ with God set Judaism apart. These ideas marked the birth of a set of religious traditions, the impact of which has lasted for thousands of year. o Capable Kings: __________, __________________, ____________ -- Their kingdom…___________. Iron Age Begins Shift from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age o The ________________ (People living in Asia Minor minor) gradually learned the complicated process of _______________ iron (this takes place over from 1500 to 1200 B.C.). Why make the change from Bronze to Iron? o ____________________________________________ ____. An iron sword could pierce through a bronze shield. Iron is a more __________________ ________________. Easier for people to obtain=cheaper too! The development of iron paved the way for an “______ ___ ________________.” Assyrian Empire Rises and Falls (850-612 B.C.) o The Iron Age made it possible for the Assyrians to conquer and rule a large empire. o Iron ____________ and Iron __________ __________ made for well equipped warriors. o The Assyrians were known for their ___________ _______________ because they were the most ________________ army to date. o The Assyrians had shown that it was possible to build an empire based on fear and harsh government. Persian Empire (550 – 350 B.C.) o The Persian Empire was a giant empire that arose in Southwest Asia that was built upon ___________ and __________ __________________. (Unlike the ________________) In 550 B.C., Persian King Cyrus defeated several neighboring kingdoms to mark the beginning of the _____________ Empire. In 11 years (550-539 B.C.) Cyrus conquered all of the Fertile Crescent and most of Asia minor. Cyrus believed that when his army marched into a defeated city, that there would be no ___________ or destroying of any buildings/temples. Above: Cyrus Cyrus believed that it was wise leave local customs and religions alone. o King Cyrus was killed in 530 B.C. and then his son, _______________, took over for 8 years. Cambyses died of a wound suffered by a sword. o Cambyses successor was _____________ who governed the fragile empire by using ____________ power. Darius used two important tools to hold the empire together. Excellent Road System called the “___________ ____________ _____________” _____________ _______________.—The whole empire had a universal money system to trade with.