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Rome Its Rise and Fall Fall of the Republic • Farms – The key to Rome’s success – Farms = Money – Farms = Army • Small Farms were being taken over by large landowners – No small farms, no $ and no Army Fall of the Republic Cont. • Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus – Two brothers that wanted to reform land laws – Public Land should be given to small farmers to help them compete – Large landowners owned the “public” land, and they were furious with the Brothers – Tiberius was murdered and his body sent down the Tibris River – Gaius was Later Killed – Their actions opened the door for reform Fall of the Republic Cont. • Marius and Sulla – Army size = to number of Small farms – In the late Republic, army was weak b/c of few small farms – Marius created a volunteer army of Poor people and promised them land (His Land) – This created an army that was loyal to him – Sulla did the same – Civil War broke out among the Two Fall of the Republic Cont. – Sulla wins – Sulla Marches on Rome – Kills all those that oppose him – Later he returns Rome back to Senatorial control Collapse of the Republic • The First Triumvirate – Government of Three people with Equal Power – Crassus, Pompey, Julius Caesar (lasted 10 yrs) – Crassus • Rich Man • Syria – Pompey • Friend of Sulla • Spain Collapse of the Republic Cont. – Julius Caesar • Friend of Marius • Gaul (modern France) – These three wanted to control Rome, and they knew that they had to work together to do so. – In 53 BC Crassus is Killed in battle – His death created a power struggle – The senate wanted Pompey to Control Rome • They asked Julius Caesar lay down his command Collapse of the Republic Cont. – Julius Caesar Refused • Caesar had become a great General • Created a very loyal Army – Caesar’s Army Crossed the Rubicon, and invaded Rome – Caesar and Pompey were in a Civil War – Caesar won the War and thus He won Rome – Pompey fled to Egypt, but was killed by Egypt so that Caesar would not be mad at them – In 45 BC Julius Caesar was named Dictator • A Dictator is an absolute ruler Collapse of the Republic Cont. – Julius Caesar’s Reforms • Gave land to the Poor • Increased the size of the Senate form 300 to 900 • Named many loyal friends to high offices • Many large building projects – Death of Julius Caesar • In 44 BC Caesar was assassinated by a group of men • Just like the play “Caesar” by William Shakespeare • Brutus was Caesar’s best friend, and he was a leading conspirator against Caesar Collapse of the Republic Cont. • The Second Triumvirate – Octavian • Caesar’s heir and grandnephew – Marc Antony • Caesar’s alley and assistant – Lepidus • Caesar’s Calvary Commander Collapse of the Republic Cont. – These three gained power because after Caesar’s death the Senate and the people of Rome were very upset that he was assassinated – These three vowed to continue what Caesar had done. – Octavian and Antony joined together to force Lepidus out of power – Octavian controlled western Rome while Antony controlled eastern Rome – Eventually Antony and Octavian became enemies and there was a Civil War in Rome once again Collapse of the Republic Cont. – Antony had a strong ally, Egypt • Antony’s girlfriend was Cleopatra the ruler of Egypt • Cleopatra was also a girlfriend to Julius Caesar – Octavian used this alliance against Antony • A none Roman would have power if Antony was left in control – Octavian Finally defeated Antony at Actium in 31 BC – Antony and Cleopatra Commit Suicide