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Chapter 19
The Cold War
1945 Yalta Conference
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Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin made arrangements for post-war Europe at
the Yalta Conference in February 1945. Their meeting resulted in many
important resolutions:
An April meeting would be held to form the United Nations;
Poland was supposed to have free elections;
The borders of Poland were to be drastically moved westwards, at the
expense of Germany.
The division of Germany was decided.
The Soviet Union was to attack Japan within three months of Germany's
surrender.
Churchill, FDR, Stalin
Division of Germany
United Nations formed
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UN officially came into existence on Oct. 24, 1945
50 countries meet, including U.S.
Adopt charter of UN
organization dedicated to cooperation in solving
international problems.
Potsdam Conference
• On April 12, 1945, Roosevelt died unexpectedly, making Vice
President Truman the new President. Truman continued Roosevelt’s
negotiations with Stalin at the Potsdam Conference in July.
Big Three: Churchill, Truman, Stalin
Clement Attlee replaced
Churchill after he lost the
election for prime
minister in 1945
The Big Three met to decide how to govern Germany, which had
been defeated nine weeks earlier and to discuss the
establishment of post-war order, peace treaties issues, and
countering the effects of war.
America and the USSR wanted
different things for post-war Europe
American Goals
• Wanted European nations to be
democratic and have economic
opportunity like the United States
• Wanted to develop strong capitalist
economies, which would provide good
markets for American products
Soviets’ conflicting goals
Soviet Goals
• Wanted to rebuild Europe to help the Soviet
Union recover from the huge losses it suffered
during the war
• Wanted to establish Soviet satellite nations,
countries subject to Soviet domination and
sympathetic to Soviet goals
• Wanted to promote the spread of communism
throughout the world
Remember that ill-will still existed between the Allies. Stalin still blamed his
allies for failing to come to the aid of the USSR during the attack on
Stalingrad. He believed that Great Britain, France, and the United States
should have attacked Hitler on the western front to draw German troops
away form the eastern front.
The Battle of Stalingrad was the most
important turning point in World War II
and is considered the bloodiest battle in
human history, with more combined
casualties suffered than any battle
before or since. The battle was marked
by brutality and disregard for military
and civilian casualties on both sides.
Communist Expansion in Eastern Europe
•Albania, Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, Romania,
East Germany,
Poland, Hungary
and Yugoslavia
Finland maintained
independence by
signing a treaty of
cooperation with
the Soviet Union.
The Iron CurtainChurchill coined phrase Iron Curtain while making a speech in Missouri
to describe the geographic and political divisions between Communist and capitalist
nations in Europe
Iron Curtain
I have a strong admiration and
regard for the valiant Russian people
and for my wartime comrade,
Marshal Stalin. There is deep
sympathy and goodwill in Britain -and I doubt not here also -- toward
the peoples of all the Russias and a
resolve to persevere through many
differences and rebuffs in
establishing lasting friendships.
It is my duty, however, to place
before you certain facts about the
present position in Europe.
From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in
the Adriatic an iron curtain has
descended across the Continent.
–Winston Churchill
March 6, 1946
Cold Warthe competition between the United States and the Soviet Union for
world influence that lasted from about 1947 until the collapse of the
Soviet Union in 1991. Open hostilities never occurred between the
United States and the USSR. Instead, the “war” was an arms race, a
network of military alliances, economic warfare, embargos,
propaganda, and espionage
Containment
•Policy laid out by George F. Kennan
•Stop the spread of communism
•Truman Doctrine designed to put policy in place
The Truman Doctrine- foreign policy of the U.S. announced by President Truman
in March, 1947, that the U.S. would support free peoples that resist conquest. It
was used first in Greece and Turkey with economic ($400 million) and military aid
to prevent their falling to the Soviet. Many historians say this marks the beginning
of the Cold War.
Which of these choices best describes the primary goal of the United States
for postwar Europe?
(A) Protect the Soviet Union from future invasion
(B) Build economically strong democracies
(C) Add more members to the United Nations
(D) Ensure further cooperation with Stalin
Which of these events directly inspired the Truman Doctrine?
(A) Soviet threats in Greece and Turkey
(B) The division of Germany into four zones
(C) The arrest of anti-Communist leaders in Hungary
(D) Churchill’s “iron curtain” speech
Section 2
Marshall Plan
•Created in 1947 by Sec. of State George C. Marshall
•Help European nations recover from WWII and become
economically strong democracies
•Prevent communism from continuing to gain power in Europe
•Nations with recovery plans would receive money from the U.S.
•17 western European nations received $13 billion in aid
Marshall Plan in Germany
Workers are busy at a
construction site in Berlin,
Germany, financed with
American money supplied by
the Marshall Plan. Between
1948 and 1951, the Marshall
Plan funneled $13 billion into
European recovery.
Berlin Airlift
•In June 1948, Stalin banned all shipments to West Berlin through East Germany, creating a
blockade which threatened to cut off supplies to the city and starve its people.
•In response, Allied nations delivered thousands of tons of food and other supplies to West
Berlin by air.
•Airlift lasted 462 days; nicknamed Operation Vittles;
•Airplanes nicknamed raisin bombers
•278,228 flights were made and 2,326,406 tons of food and supplies, including more than 1.5
million tons of coal, were delivered to Berlin.
•Soviet blockade ended in May 1949, as a result of the airlift
At the height of the operation, on April 16,1949, an allied aircraft landed in Berlin
every minute, with 1,398 flights in 24 hours carrying 12,940 tons of goods, coal
and machinery, beating the record of 8,246 set only days earlier.
NATO and the Warsaw Pact
•The North Atlantic Treaty
Organization -formed in April
1949.
• Little conflict was being
resolved in the United Nations
because the Soviets used their
veto power in the Security
Council to block many
proposals
•The United States, Canada,
and ten Western European
nations pledged to support one
another against attack, a
principle known as collective
security.
•In response, the Soviet Union
created the Warsaw Pact, a
military alliance between the
Soviet Union and its satellite
nations.
The Soviets Get the Bomb!
•In September 1949,the Soviet Union tested an atomic bomb.
•In response, the United States began developing the hydrogen bomb
•The newly formed Federal Civil Defense Administration distributed information on
how to survive a nuclear attack; this information was ridiculed by experts.
Nuclear air raid drills were
part of everyday life for
schoolchildren in the late
1940s and early '50s.
Children were taught to
"duck and cover" under their
desks and were herded into
school basements for
periodic air raid drills.
Bomb Shelters
China Falls to Communism
•During World War II, Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai Shek)and Mao Zedong had
worked together to fight the Japanese, but fighting between them resumed
towards the end of the war.
•The United States supported Nationalist leader Jiang Jieshi against
Communist Mao Zedong, even though Jiang Jieshi was a horrible leader
who was cruel to his people (at least he wasn’t communist)
•Many Americans viewed Mao Zedong’s creation of a Communist state in
China as a failure of Truman’s policies.
Fear of communism erupts in
the United States
•During the late 1940s, fear of Communist spies created a climate of
suspicion in the United States.
•Truman established a federal employee loyalty program in 1947,
checking the backgrounds of all new and existing federal employees.
Truman's Executive Order 9835 established the Federal Employee Loyalty
Program - FBI would make a name check on 2 million federal employees in
1948 plus approx. 500,000 new applicants each year- if "derogatory
information" found, a full field investigation made and results given to 150
loyalty boards - employee could be fired if "reasonable doubt" of loyalty was
established by 6 categories: crimes, violent overthrow, breach of official duty
or disclosure of confidential information, or membership in or association
with any subversive organization - no appeal beyond loyalty boards - no
permission to confront a "confidential informant" - 5000 voluntary
resignations resulted from investigations before hearings conducted for
great variety of reasons - only 378 employees were dismissed or denied
employment by boards and none of these were spies. - Truman issued
another executive order to keep these investigation files confidential and not
disclosed to Congress
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
•investigated Hollywood personalities who the committee claimed, had Communist
leanings.
•The Hollywood Ten, refused to answer the committee’s questions. They were cited for
contempt of Congress and imprisoned.
•Hollywood studios compiled a blacklist, a list circulated to employers naming persons
who should not be hired. Blacklisted individuals came from all sections of the industry and
included anyone who seemed subversive.
"Are you now or have you ever been
a member of the Communist Party
of the United States?".
McCarran-Walter Act 1952
•Fueled by fears of disloyal immigrants from
Communist countries
•reestablished the immigration quota system from
1924.
•discriminated against immigrants from Asia and
Southern and Central Europe.
•Also known as the Immigration and Nationality Act
Truman vetoed the McCarran-Walter Act because he regarded
the bill as "un-American" and discriminatory. Truman's veto was
overridden by a vote of 278 to 113 in the House, and 57 to 26 in
the Senate. Parts of the McCarran-Walter act remain in place
today but much of it was overturned by the Immigration and
Nationality Services Act of 1965.
SPIES in the United States
Alger Hiss
•Had been a member of the delegation to Yalta
•Flew the charter of the UN from San Francisco to NY for Truman’s signature
•Accused of spying against the United States for the USSR
•The evidence is still unclear as to his guilt or innocence.
More spies
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
•Convicted and executed
•Accused of passing secrets about the
atomic bomb to the Soviet Union
•When the Soviet Union fell in the 1990s
more evidence was discovered that Julius
Rosenberg was a spy
•It was unclear as to the extent of Ethel’s
role
•In his memoirs, Khrushchev praised the
Rosenberg’s in helping to speed up the
process of the Soviet Union acquiring
nuclear weapons.
Which of these phrases best describes NATO?
(A) A collective security pact between the United States, Canada, and
Western European nations
(B) A military alliance between the USSR and its satellite nations
(C) A U.S.-sponsored program for postwar recovery
(D) A regional group within the United Nations
Which of these was a result of HUAC’s investigation of the movie industry?
(A) Hollywood approved many scripts that dealt with controversial social
problems.
(B) Many Hollywood personalities were blacklisted.
(C) The McCarran-Walter Act was passed.
(D) Pro-Soviet movies became popular.
Section 3
The Korean War
“America’s Forgotten War”
Chinese Civil War
• Civil war began in the mid-1920s and intensified after World War II.
• Mao Zedong won support for the Communists by redistributing land
and offering schooling and healthcare.
• Jiang Jieshi’s Nationalist Party lost support because of harsh
treatment of the population, high taxes, and corruption.
• When the Communists took power in 1949, the Nationalists fled to
Taiwan.
Jaing Jieshi
Mao Zedong
The Division of Korea
• World War II ended before a plan could be made
for Korean independence from Japan.
• Korea was temporarily divided at the thirtyeighth parallel, with Soviet troops accepting
Japanese surrender in the north and American
troops accepting surrender in the south.
• A pro-American government formed in South
Korea, while a Communist government formed
in North Korea. Occupying forces withdrew from
both zones in 1948 and 1949.
The Korean Conflict
• On June 25, 1950, the
Korean War began; North
Korean troops invaded South
Korea, aiming to reunite the
nation by force.
• North Korea push farther
south until they reached
Pusan on September 15,
1950.
• A UN resolution, which
passed because the Soviets
were not there to veto it,
called on member states to
defend South Korea and
restore peace. Roughly 80
percent of the troops who
served in the resulting UN
police action were American.
• Truman did not get a declaration of war
from the Congress, but had the praise of
Democrats and Republicans in sending
troops to defend South Korea
• UN asked US to choose commander;
Truman chose General Douglas
MacArthur
Inchon and Pusan
• MacArthur dicided to attack the rear supply lines at
Inchon and to send troops to defend Pusan
• This tactic worked and North Korean troops retreated
back behind the 38th parallel
• MacArthur’s troops continued to pursue the North
Koreans to the border of China (and brag of reuniting
Korea under a South Korean government)
• MacArthur wanted to push North Korean troops all the
way across the Yalu River.
• China sent troops to aid the North Koreans and drive
U.S. and South Korean troops back to the 38th parallel.
UN forces push back North Korean forces
• By attacking North Korean supply lines, General
Douglas MacArthur was able to gain an advantage
and push north. However, a stalemate developed after
China helped the North Koreans push the UN forces
back into South
Truman and MacArthur disagreed next stage
of war
• MacArthur wanted to enlist the help of exhiled Chinese
forces from Taiwan under the leadership of Jaing Jeshi
and attack the Chinese
• Truman feared widespread war in Asia
• MacArthur publicly criticized Truman’s tactics
• Truman fired MacArthur for insubordination (remember,
Truman is the commmander in chief of the military)
MacArthur returned home
• Made famous speech to joint session of
Congress, 1951
I am closing my 52 years of military service. When I joined the
Army, even before the turn of the century, it was the fulfillment
of all of my boyish hopes and dreams. The world has turned
over many times since I took the oath on the plain at West
Point, and the hopes and dreams have long since vanished,
but I still remember the refrain of one of the most popular
barrack ballads of that day which proclaimed most proudly that
"old soldiers never die; they just fade away."
And like the old soldier of that ballad, I now close my military
career and just fade away, an old soldier who tried to do his
duty as God gave him the light to see that duty. -MacArthur
The end of the Korean War
• Eisenhower became president before the
war was over
• Threatened to use nukes
• Truce signed in 1953
• Korea divided once again at 38th parallel
Post-Korean War Changes in America
• Warfare — Limited war, limited victory
• Integration of the Military — First war in which
white Americans and African Americans served
in the same units
• Increased Power of the Military — A militaryindustrial complex developed as the military
established links with the corporate and scientific
communities. (see next screen)
• Foreign Policy in Asia — September 1951 peace
treaty signed with Japan; relations worsen with
Communist China
The Military-Industrial Complex
The "American Dream" was supported by expanded military investment.
Companies that had never been involved in the military came to see the
Department of Defense as their best customer. By the mid-1950s, there
were over 40,000 defense contractors working for the federal
government. With so many people depending directly on companies
supported by the Department of Defense, a number of social critics charged
that the United States had established a permanent wartime economy.
Indeed, when an economic recession struck in 1956, President Eisenhower
responded by allocating more money to defense, not by supporting public
works projects as Roosevelt had done. At the end of his second term,
Eisenhower, himself, warned Americans that the growing relationship
between defense contractors and the federal government posed a
threat. In this 1961 farewell address, he coined the term "military-industrial
complex."
What was the significance of the thirty-eighth parallel?
(A) It formed Korea’s border with China.
(B) It was the place to which Chinese Nationalists fled.
(C) It divided Korea into two halves, North and South.
(D) It was the location of Korean War peace talks.
Why did the United Nations send troops to Korea?
(A) To support South Korea and restore peace
(B) To install a Communist government in South Korea
(C) To help China defend its border
(D) To put an end to Japanese rule of Korea
Section 4
The Continuing Cold War
McCarthyism
McCarthy’s Rise to Power
• Wisconsin Senator
Joseph McCarthy, up for
reelection used people’s
fear of Communist
conspiracies within the
United States to get elected
• McCarthy produced a list of
250 names of presumed
Communist-supporting
government employees.
Later, when scrutinized, this
list was reduced to 57.
• Although McCarthy’s
accusations were usually
baseless and unprovable,
few were willing to risk their
reputations by speaking out
against him.
What do these cartoons imply
about McCarthy’s character?
McCarthy’s fall from power
• In early 1954, McCarthy, charged that the army was full of
communists.
• Democrats asked that hearings be televised,
• hoped to swing popular opinion against McCarthy.
• Public horrified by his bullying of witnesses and false allegations
• There were public allegations that McCarthy was homosexual (to
counter allegations, he married a woman and adopted a child)
• By mid-June 1954, McCarthy lost even his strongest supporters.
• The Senate formally condemned him for his actions
The Cold War around the world
• Eisenhower’s policy became to avoid war
at all costs
• America did not support uprisings in East
Germany, Poland, and Hungary.
• former French colony of Vietnam is divided into
Communist North and anti-Communist South;
U.S. provided aid to South Vietnam, but
nothing else.
Cold War in Israel
• United Nations supports creation of Jewish
homestate of Israel; U.S. supports Israel;
Soviets support Arab opposition
West Bank
Gaza Strip
Cold War in Iran
• 1952 U.S. supported the overthrow of a nationalist
leader, Premier Muhammad Mossadeq in Iran
• Feared that Soviets would soon take over this oil
rich nation as Mossadeq was supported by them
• restored pro-American shah to power to protect oil
interests
Cold War in Egypt
• 1956 U.S. and Britain cut off aid to Egypt when Egypt’s ruler,
Nasser, sought Soviet support
• Nasser responded by taking control of the British-owned Suez
Canal, an economically vital waterway
• Britain and France attack Egypt
• Eisenhower persuades them to back down in fear of Soviet
involvement
Cold War in Latin America
• Organization of American States (OAS) is created;
American aid helps anti-Communist leaders gain and
retain power.
• 1954 CIA overthrew radical government in
Guatemala; restored property of American
owned business United Fruit Company
CIA rebel troops
The Arms Race
• Soviets and U.S. compete for world
influence
• Wanted to gain weapons superiority
Deterrence, the policy of maintaining a military arsenal
so strong that no enemy will attack for fear of retaliation,
resulted in the escalating development of powerful nuclear
weapons.
• 1954-1958 tested 19 hydrogen bombs
• 750 times more powerful than atomic
bomb
United States’ first hydrogen bomb
USSR’s first hydrogen bomb
The American policy of brinkmanship
involved bringing the United States to
the brink of war without actually
entering into war.
The ability to get to the
verge without getting into
the war is the necessary art.
If you try to run away from it,
if you are scared to go to
the brink, you are
lost. John Foster Dulles,
author of brinkmanship
Arms race in the skies
• To carry bombs to their targets, the Soviet Union
developed long-range rockets known as
intercontinental ballistic missiles, or ICBMs.
• In 1957, one of these rockets was used to
launch the Soviet satellite Sputnik, the first
artificial satellite to orbit Earth.
U-2 incident
• In 1960, a Soviet guided missile shot down an American
U-2 spy plane
• This flight was supposed to be the last of its kind over
the Soviet Union because we were in negotiations with
the Soviets.
• the result=American desire to match—and surpass—
Soviet weapons technology.
Why did the United States choose not to support
uprisings in Eastern Europe?
(A) It appeared that these uprisings would succeed on their
own.
(B) The Soviet Union supported the uprisings.
(C) Senator McCarthy was against such support.
(D) Eisenhower felt that doing so would risk war with the
Soviets.
What was the significance of the U-2 incident?
(A) It motivated the United States to increase the
technological development of its military.
(B) It provided the first test of Soviet ICBMs.
(C) It led to the development of the hydrogen bomb.
(D) It began the Cold War.