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Reconstruction 2/19 Objectives Test & Unit Survey Warm up: How would you ensure Southern loyalty after the war? Early Reconstruction Plans Homework ?: Design a plan for Reconstruction. (Think back to what problems you anticipate the nation facing after the war to help you develop a plan. How will you combat them?) Lincoln’s 10% Plan States reintegrated into Union if 10% of their voting population took an oath of allegiance to the US States also had to commit to freeing slaves Pardoned Confederate officials Wade Davis Bill Proposed by two radical Republicans Majority of voters had to take Ironclad Oath & states had to write new constitutions to include emancipation I, A. B., do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I have never voluntarily borne arms against the United States since I have been a citizen thereof; that I have voluntarily given no aid, countenance, counsel, or encouragement to persons engaged in armed hostility thereto; that I have neither sought nor accepted nor attempted to exercise the functions of any office whatever, under any authority or pretended authority in hostility to the United States; that I have not yielded a voluntary support to any pretended government, authority, power or constitution within the United States, hostile or inimical thereto. And I do further swear (or affirm) that, to the best of my knowledge and ability, I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States, against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion, and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter, so help me God Passed in both houses, but pocket vetoed by Lincoln Differences and Opposition Which was more lenient? Which was more lenient? Why? View of Confederacy? Rejoin vs reinstate Border states Constitutionality? Focus of the nation? Homework ?: Design a plan for Reconstruction. (Think about what problems you anticipate the nation facing after the war to help you develop a plan. –economic, political, social, etc. How will you combat them?) Johnson’s Plan Pardons would be granted to those taking a loyalty oath No pardons would be available to high Confederate officials and persons owning property valued in excess of $20,000 A state needed to abolish slavery before being readmitted A state was required to repeal its secession ordinance before being Warm up How would you respond if the president was assassinated? Who would be affected? In what ways? Homework What are some potential flaws in the plans for Reconstruction? Objectives Warm up & HW check After Lincoln: Johnson Black Codes Review Homework question: What is the difference between social and legal rules? Which one has a greater effect/are people most likely to follow? Warm up 2/25 Make a prediction about the social interactions between whites and freed slaves in the south. Will social order change with their new freedom? Will whites maintain social superiority? How and in what ways? Johnson Becomes President after Lincoln’s assassination Pro-state’s rights From TN Presidential Reconstruction--abolition of slavery (made official by the 13th Amendment to the Constitution), swear loyalty to the Union and pay off their war debt. Proclamation of Amnesty--pardoned everyone but officers and planter elite (could petition) Each state had to hold a constitutional convention to revoke secession and ratify 13th Otherwise, the south was free to govern as they liked How well will this work? Black Codes Revisit Warm up Laws passed in southern states immediately following the war. Compare to Slavery Review Homework question: What is the difference between social and legal rules? Which one has a greater effect/are people most likely to follow? Military Reconstruction Act 1867 Divided southern states into 5 military districts Each District Run by a union general Had to ratify 14th amendment before states were allowed to elect people to congress Command of Army & Tenure of Office Acts All presidential orders had to go through the general of the army Senate had to approve removal of people from office Impeachment because he fired people without senate approval & because they thought he was undermining the Reconstruction program. Election 1868—Grant; Republican Majority 15th Amendment—right to vote Warm up: Do you think the Northern influence in the south was helpful or a hindrance in rebuilding and reuniting the country? Review notes from last week Republican Rule in the South presentation Clarify information in exhibits Analyze photos Carpetbaggers, scalawags and role in politics African Americans in politics Republican Reforms Freedmen’s Bureau KKK purpose, goals, membership Enforcement Acts The Hon. E. M. Stanton, Secretary of War, came to Savannah soon after its occupation by the forces under my command, and conferred freely with me as to the best methods to provide for the vast number of negroes who had followed the army from the interior of Georgia, as also for those who had already congregated on the islands near Hilton Head, and were still coming into our lines. We agreed perfectly that the young and able-bodied men should be enlisted as soldiers, or employed by the Quartermaster in the necessary work of unloading ships, and for other army purposes. But this left on our hands the old and feeble, the women and children, who had necessarily to be fed by the United States. Mr. Stanton summoned a large number of the old negroes mostly preachers with whom he had long conference, of which he took down notes. After the conference he was satisfied the negroes could, with some little aid from the United States, by means of the abandoned plantations on the Sea Islands and along the navigable waters take care of themselves. He requested me to draw up a plan that would be uniform and practicable. I made the rough draft and we went over it very carefully. Mr. Stanton making many changes, and the present Orders No. 15 resulted and were made public. I know of course we could not convey title to land and merely provided “possessory” titles to be good so long as war and military power lasted. I merely aimed to make provision for the negroes who were absolutely dependent on us, leaving the value of their possessions to be determined by after events or legislation. At that time, January, 1865, it will be remembered that the tone of the people of the South was very defiant, and no one could foretell when the period of war would cease. Therefore I did not contemplate that event as being so near at hand. "The military rule in Winnsboro was not oppressive; however, it was distasteful to have a Negro company of U. S. troops located here. There was no marauding, no insolence, although they were stationed here six months on Mt. Zion campus. They were transferred later and white soldiers sent in their stead. Their barracks were in the Presbyterian woods in the southern part of the town. I remember there were a good many Germans in this company who couldn't speak English to amount to much. "The Ku Klux Klan was a necessary organization and did much to discharge [discourage?] weak white men and ignorant Negroes from lowliness. When the Ku Klux Klan wished to get rid of an undesirable white man or Negro, they would put an empty coffin at the undesirable person's front door. It usually caused the warned one to disappear. Although not a Ku Klux, one night I witnessed a parade of white-sheeted riders and recognized my own horse in the parade. In the morning my horse was in his stable, as usual. I asked no questions about the occurrence until years afterward. . . ."After the Civil War, our people had no money. We became a one-crop people. Cotton was ready money. Northern manufacturers and western farmers encouraged this, and we were without scientific knowledge. Speculators manipulated all the profit out of cotton by a system of exchanges, grades, and quotations. A system of credit was inaugurated by the State Lien Law. By this system the farmer paid tribute to the local Caesar, twenty-five to fifty times the price for plantation supplies." Warm up: Should Reconstruction ever end? How would you end reconstruction? What logistics (economic, social) would you need to consider? End of Reconstruction Notes Explain assessment Poem Activity Grant Administration Economics To promote commerce & industry—increased federal spending on RR, ports, and postal system High tariffs, Sin taxes Democratic and Liberal Republican Opposition Scandals in second term Whiskey Ring Panic of 1873 Reconstruction Ends Democrats come back to power Save from “black republican” rule Appealed to white racism and defined elections as struggle between whites and African Americans Only republicans left in power and black voters (few) were protected by Union troops Compromise of 1877 Hayes vs Tilden Hayes wins & pulls out troops New South Hayes wanted to end regional distinctions “Let me assure my countrymen of the Southern States that it is my earnest desire to regard and promote their truest interests—the interests of the white and colored people both equally—and to put forth my best efforts in behalf of a civil policy which will forever wipe out…the distinction between the North and South…that we may have not merely a united North or united South, but a united country.” Industries and Sharecropping Monday In class Assessment Develop a Reconstruction Plan Take economic, political and social factors into account Resources Opposition Open notes, open book, open refrigerator In class only. Must be completed by the end of the period. Independent work Reconstruction Cinquain Many people enjoy reading and listening to the rhythm of poetry and visualizing images that poetry creates. Work with your group to create a “word cinquain” poem about “Reconstruction” Line 1: Title 1 word Line 2: Description of title 2 words Line 3: Action about the title 3 words Line 4: Feeling about the title 4 words Line 5: Synonym for the title 1 word