Download Reconstruction

Reconstruction
2/19 Objectives
Test & Unit Survey
Warm up: How would you ensure Southern loyalty
after the war?
Early Reconstruction Plans
Homework ?: Design a plan for Reconstruction. (Think
back to what problems you anticipate the nation facing
after the war to help you develop a plan. How will you
combat them?)
Lincoln’s 10% Plan
States reintegrated into Union if 10% of their voting
population took an oath of allegiance to the US
States also had to commit to freeing slaves
Pardoned Confederate officials
Wade Davis Bill
Proposed by two radical Republicans
Majority of voters had to take Ironclad Oath & states had to write
new constitutions to include emancipation
I, A. B., do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I have never voluntarily
borne arms against the United States since I have been a citizen thereof;
that I have voluntarily given no aid, countenance, counsel, or
encouragement to persons engaged in armed hostility thereto; that I
have neither sought nor accepted nor attempted to exercise the functions
of any office whatever, under any authority or pretended authority in
hostility to the United States; that I have not yielded a voluntary support
to any pretended government, authority, power or constitution within
the United States, hostile or inimical thereto. And I do further swear (or
affirm) that, to the best of my knowledge and ability, I will support and
defend the Constitution of the United States, against all enemies,
foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the
same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation
or purpose of evasion, and that I will well and faithfully discharge the
duties of the office on which I am about to enter, so help me God
Passed in both houses, but pocket vetoed by Lincoln
Differences and Opposition
Which was more lenient? Which was more lenient?
Why? View of Confederacy?
Rejoin vs reinstate
Border states
Constitutionality?
Focus of the nation?
Homework ?: Design a plan for Reconstruction. (Think
about what problems you anticipate the nation facing
after the war to help you develop a plan. –economic,
political, social, etc. How will you combat them?)
Johnson’s Plan
Pardons would be granted to those taking a loyalty oath
No pardons would be available to high Confederate
officials and persons owning property valued in excess
of $20,000
A state needed to abolish slavery before being
readmitted
A state was required to repeal its secession ordinance
before being
Warm up
How would you respond if the president was
assassinated? Who would be affected? In what ways?
Homework
What are some potential flaws in the plans for
Reconstruction?
Objectives
Warm up & HW check
After Lincoln: Johnson
Black Codes
Review
Homework question: What is the difference between
social and legal rules? Which one has a greater
effect/are people most likely to follow?
Warm up 2/25
Make a prediction about the social interactions
between whites and freed slaves in the south. Will
social order change with their new freedom? Will
whites maintain social superiority? How and in what
ways?
Johnson
Becomes President after Lincoln’s assassination
Pro-state’s rights
From TN
Presidential Reconstruction--abolition of slavery (made
official by the 13th Amendment to the Constitution),
swear loyalty to the Union and pay off their war debt.
Proclamation of Amnesty--pardoned everyone but
officers and planter elite (could petition)
Each state had to hold a constitutional convention to
revoke secession and ratify 13th
Otherwise, the south was free to govern as they liked
How well will this work?
Black Codes
Revisit Warm up
Laws passed in southern states immediately following
the war.
Compare to Slavery
Review
Homework question: What is the difference between
social and legal rules? Which one has a greater
effect/are people most likely to follow?
Military Reconstruction Act 1867
Divided southern states into 5 military districts
Each District Run by a union general
Had to ratify 14th amendment before states were allowed to
elect people to congress
Command of Army & Tenure of Office Acts
All presidential orders had to go through the general of the
army
Senate had to approve removal of people from office
Impeachment because he fired people without senate
approval & because they thought he was undermining the
Reconstruction program.
Election 1868—Grant; Republican Majority
15th Amendment—right to vote
Warm up: Do you think the Northern influence in
the south was helpful or a hindrance in rebuilding and
reuniting the country?
Review notes from last week
Republican Rule in the South presentation
Clarify information in exhibits
Analyze photos
Carpetbaggers, scalawags and role in politics
African Americans in politics
Republican Reforms
Freedmen’s Bureau
KKK purpose, goals, membership
Enforcement Acts
The Hon. E. M. Stanton, Secretary of War, came to Savannah soon after its occupation by
the forces under my command, and conferred freely with me as to the best methods to provide
for the vast number of negroes who had followed the army from the interior of Georgia, as also
for those who had already congregated on the islands near Hilton Head, and were still coming
into our lines. We agreed perfectly that the young and able-bodied men should be enlisted as
soldiers, or employed by the Quartermaster in the necessary work of unloading ships, and for
other army purposes. But this left on our hands the old and feeble, the women and children,
who had necessarily to be fed by the United States. Mr. Stanton summoned a large number of
the old negroes mostly preachers with whom he had long conference, of which he took down
notes. After the conference he was satisfied the negroes could, with some little aid from the
United States, by means of the abandoned plantations on the Sea Islands and along the
navigable waters take care of themselves. He requested me to draw up a plan that would be
uniform and practicable. I made the rough draft and we went over it very carefully. Mr.
Stanton making many changes, and the present Orders No. 15 resulted and were made public.
I know of course we could not convey title to land and merely provided “possessory” titles to be
good so long as war and military power lasted. I merely aimed to make provision for the
negroes who were absolutely dependent on us, leaving the value of their possessions to be
determined by after events or legislation. At that time, January, 1865, it will be remembered
that the tone of the people of the South was very defiant, and no one could foretell when the
period of war would cease. Therefore I did not contemplate that event as being so near at
hand.
"The military rule in Winnsboro was not oppressive; however, it was distasteful
to have a Negro company of U. S. troops located here. There was no marauding,
no insolence, although they were stationed here six months on Mt. Zion campus.
They were transferred later and white soldiers sent in their stead. Their barracks
were in the Presbyterian woods in the southern part of the town. I remember
there were a good many Germans in this company who couldn't speak English to
amount to much. "The Ku Klux Klan was a necessary organization and did much
to discharge [discourage?] weak white men and ignorant Negroes from lowliness.
When the Ku Klux Klan wished to get rid of an undesirable white man or
Negro, they would put an empty coffin at the undesirable person's front door. It
usually caused the warned one to disappear. Although not a Ku Klux, one night
I witnessed a parade of white-sheeted riders and recognized my own horse in the
parade. In the morning my horse was in his stable, as usual. I asked no questions
about the occurrence until years afterward. . . ."After the Civil War, our people
had no money. We became a one-crop people. Cotton was ready money.
Northern manufacturers and western farmers encouraged this, and we were
without scientific knowledge. Speculators manipulated all the profit out of
cotton by a system of exchanges, grades, and quotations. A system of credit was
inaugurated by the State Lien Law. By this system the farmer paid tribute to the
local Caesar, twenty-five to fifty times the price for plantation supplies."
Warm up: Should Reconstruction ever end? How
would you end reconstruction? What logistics
(economic, social) would you need to consider?
End of Reconstruction Notes
Explain assessment
Poem Activity
Grant Administration
Economics
To promote commerce & industry—increased federal
spending on RR, ports, and postal system
High tariffs, Sin taxes
Democratic and Liberal Republican Opposition
Scandals in second term
Whiskey Ring
Panic of 1873
Reconstruction Ends
Democrats come back to power
Save from “black republican” rule
Appealed to white racism and defined elections as
struggle between whites and African Americans
Only republicans left in power and black voters (few)
were protected by Union troops
Compromise of 1877
Hayes vs Tilden
Hayes wins & pulls out troops
New South
Hayes wanted to end regional distinctions
“Let me assure my countrymen of the Southern States
that it is my earnest desire to regard and promote their
truest interests—the interests of the white and colored
people both equally—and to put forth my best efforts in
behalf of a civil policy which will forever wipe out…the
distinction between the North and South…that we may
have not merely a united North or united South, but a
united country.”
Industries and Sharecropping
Monday
In class Assessment
Develop a Reconstruction Plan
Take economic, political and social factors into account
Resources
Opposition
Open notes, open book, open refrigerator
In class only. Must be completed by the end of the
period.
Independent work
Reconstruction Cinquain
Many people enjoy reading and listening to the rhythm
of poetry and visualizing images that poetry creates.
Work with your group to create a “word cinquain”
poem about “Reconstruction”
Line 1: Title
1 word
Line 2: Description of title
2 words
Line 3: Action about the title
3 words
Line 4: Feeling about the title
4 words
Line 5: Synonym for the title
1 word