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Chapter 5
Becoming a World Power
WHY IMPERIALISM?
• 1) Thirst for new
economy & trade
markets
• 2) Belief in Cultural
Superiority – a belief
that Anglo-Saxons
were superior
• 3) Desire for Military
strength – Mahan
advised strong navy
I. The Imperialist Vision
A. Building Support for Imperialism
1. A Desire for New Markets
a. Imperialism – economic and political domination
over another country
b. Protectorate – imperial power allows locals to
rule
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/virtual/portrait/colonial-legacy_2.jpg
2. A feeling of Superiority
a. Social Darwinism
b. Anglo-Saxonism- John Fiske argued that
English-speaking nations had superior
character, ideas, and systems of
government
c. Manifest Destiny: Americans believed
that God granted them the right and
responsibility to settle the frontier
U.S. Power in the Pacific
• Matthew Perry: 1853 sailed
American warships into Japan
• Japan had closed off it’s ports to
the rest of the world
• Perry was responsible for opening
up the ports of Japan, and opening
trade with Japan
• This begins America’s expansion
into the Pacific
THE U.S. ACQUIRES ALASKA
• In 1867, Secretary of State
William Seward arranged
for the United States to
buy Alaska from the
Russians for $7.2 million
• Some thought it was a silly
idea and called it
“Seward’s Icebox”
• Time has shown how
smart it was to buy Alaska
for 2 cents an acre
• Alaska is rich in timber,
minerals and oil
Hawaii’s Economy
75% of wealth from sugar plantations
Plantations owned by Americans
Labor imported from Japan/China
1875 no duty on Hawaiian sugar
1887 king forced to grant voting
rights to only wealthy landowners
1887 U.S. gained rights to Pearl Harbor
1890 McKinley Tariff eliminated the duty-free status of Hawaiian sugar
Hawaiian sugar had to compete with other sugar growers, especially Cuba
Annexation of Hawaii would mean Hawaiian sugar would become duty-free
Deposing the Queen
Queen Lil wanted to:
end property qualifications for voting
Restore power to native Hawaiians
The Americans sugar growers :
Organized a revolt against the Queen 1893
Queen Lil was arrested
Sanford Dole became the temporary president of
Hawaii
U.S. TAKES HAWAII
• Hawaii had been
economically important to
Americans for centuries
• To avoid import taxes
(tariffs), sugar growers
pleaded for annexation
• The U.S. knew the value of
the Islands – they had built a
naval base at Pearl Harbor in
1887
• Led by Sanford Dole,
American annexed Hawaii in
1898 and it formally became
a state in 1959
Grover
Cleveland
William
McKinley
Sanford Dole
C. Trade and Diplomacy in Latin
America
1. Pan-Americanism
a. James G. Blaine, Secretary of State
b. Promote peace and trade
c. Customs union – require all American
nations to reduce tariffs
d. Organization of American States (OAS):
exists today to promote cooperation
among nations in the western
hemisphere
D. Building a Modern Navy
1. Captain Alfred T. Mahan: a large
navy is needed to protect
merchant ships and defend right
to trade with other countries
2. In order for the U.S. to have a
large navy, they needed to
acquire land for bases overseas
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/5/5a/ATMahan.png
3. Henry Cabot Lodge
supported Mahan
4. Reasons for a strong
navy:
a. New markets
b. Manifest Destiny/AngloSaxonism
c. European imperialism
d. Mahan’s influence
http://img.timeinc.net/time/magazine/archive/covers/1960/1101600926_400.jpg
Take up the White Man’s Burden
Take up the White Man's burden-Send forth the best ye breed-Go bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives' need;
To wait in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild-Your new-caught, sullen peoples,
Half-devil and half-child.
Take up the White Man's burden-In patience to abide,
To veil the threat of terror
And check the show of pride;
By open speech and simple,
An hundred times made plain
To seek another's profit,
And work another's gain.
•
Take up the White Man's burden-No tawdry rule of kings,
But toil of serf and sweeper-The tale of common things.
The ports ye shall not enter,
The roads ye shall not tread,
Go mark them with your living,
And mark them with your dead.
Take up the White Man's burden-And reap his old reward:
The blame of those ye better,
The hate of those ye guard-The cry of hosts ye humour
(Ah, slowly!) toward the light:-"Why brought he us from bondage,
Our loved Egyptian night?"
• Take up the White Man's burden-Ye dare not stoop to less-Nor call too loud on Freedom
To cloke (1) your weariness;
By all ye cry or whisper,
By all ye leave or do,
The silent, sullen peoples
Shall weigh your gods and you.
Take up the White Man's burden-Have done with childish days-The lightly proferred laurel, (2)
The easy, ungrudged praise.
Comes now, to search your manhood
Through all the thankless years
Cold, edged with dear-bought wisdom,
The judgment of your peers!
WHY the PACIFIC?
• What motivated the United States to
expand in the Pacific?
• What methods did the United States
use to expand into the Pacific?
II. The Spanish-American
War
1. The Cuban Rebellion Begins
a. 1868 Cuban rebels declared
independence, rebellion
squashed
b. 1880s Jose Marti, exiled in the
U.S., raised funds and weapons
c. Cuba and U.S. are linked
economically
http://www.ndw.navy.mil/NavyYard/Images/Maine_1.jpg
• America had long held an
interest in Cuba
• When Cubans unsuccessfully
rebelled against Spanish rule in
the late 19th century, American
sympathy went out to the Cuban
people
• After Spain abolished slavery in
Cuba in 1886, Americans
invested millions in Cuban sugar
Cuba is just 90 miles south
of Florida
B. Americans Support Cubans
1. Some Americans sympathetic
to the Cubans’ fight for
independence
2. Yellow Journalism
a. William Randolph Hearst: New
York Journal
b. Joseph Pulitzer: New York World
General Valeriano Weyler
a. Reconcentration camps
http://www.evesmag.com/hearstjournal.jpg
Immediate Causes
• Jingoism super patriotism & demand for aggressive actions
• Yellow Journalism  exaggerated and sensationalized news
• Competing publishers William Randolph Hearst and Joseph
Pulitzer print stories about atrocities of the Cuban Revolution
•Often distorted events for garner an emotional response from
the American public
3. De Lome Lettera. A personal letter from Spanish Minister to the
United States published in the New York Journal
b. Enrique Dupuy de Lome described McKinley as “
weak and a bidder for the admiration of the
crowd.”
c. Coupled with the sinking of the Maine, Congress
authorized $50 million for war
4. Theodore Roosevelt wanted war, felt McKinley had
“no more backbone than an éclair.”
C. Calling Out for War
1. President William McKinley
wanted to avoid war – too
expensive in lives and $$$
2. McKinley asked the Spanish
government if the U.S. could
help negotiate an end of the
conflict
a. Removed Gen. Valeriano Wyler
a. Concentration camps
http://www.historyplace.com/specials/calendar/docs-pix/mckinley.jpg
b. Offered Cubans self-rule, if they
remained part of the Spanish
empire
A. The Coming of War
1. McKinley concerned for the
safety of Americans sent
the U.S.S. Maine to
evacuate
2. On February 15, 1898 the
ship blew up in the harbor
of Havana
More than 260 men
were killed
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-m/maine.htm
CUBA’S SECOND WAR FOR
INDEPENDENCE
Marti
• Anti-Spain sentiment
in Cuba soon erupted
into a second war for
independence
• Led by poet Jose
Marti, Cuba attempted
a revolution in 1895
• Marti deliberately
destroyed property,
including American
sugar plants, hoping
to provoke American
intervention
War Starts
• First steam powered, armored naval
battle
• America wins due to new navy
• Dewey surprises Spanish fleet in Manila
(Philippines)
• Two American ships sink whole Spanish
fleet of 8 with only one death
• Dewey a hero
Commodore George Dewey
Cmdr. George Dewey sailed into
Manila Bay and sank Spanish
fleet
Troops departed San Francisco to
Philippines, took Guam on the
way
Dewey contacted Emilio Aguinaldo
(leader of Philippine rebels)
http://www.etsu.edu/cas/history/resources/
Private/Faculty/Fac_From1877Chapt
erDoc/ChapterImages/Ch19RooseveltandtheRough%20Riders.jpg
American Forces Battle in Cuba
a. Mobilization of army a flop
b. “Rough Riders” – first volunteer
cavalry
1. Led by Theodore Roosevelt
http://www.bartleby.com/51/11.gif
B. A War on Two Fronts
•
April 19th , 1898 Congress
declared Cuba independent
1. The United States takes the
Philippines
a. North Atlantic Squadron
blocked Cuba
b. American fleet based in Hong
Kong ordered to attack the
Spanish fleet in the Philippines
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/americas/cuba_econ_1977.jpg
What is giving
control of the
Philippines back to
Spain being
compared to here?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:McKinleyPhilippinesCartoon.jpg
THE WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES
• 11,000 Americans
joined forces with
Filipino rebel leader
Emilio Aguinaldo
• By August, 1898
Spain had
surrendered to the
U.S. in Manila
Rough Riders
•Teddy Roosevelt resigns as Asst Secretary of
the Navy to lead a “Cowboy Calvary”
•Brought his own photographer
•Teddy’s popularity from this leads to his
becoming v.p. and president
Rough Riders
•San Juan Hill
•African Americans also helped but get no
credit
Results
• Treaty of Paris
• Spain grants Cuba
independence
• US controls Cuban politics and economy
• US acquires Philippines for $20 million
• US gains Puerto Rico & Guam
• Sparks debate: Imperialists vs. Anti-Imperialists
• Imperialist: Mckinley, Roosevelt
• Anti-Imperialist: William Jennings Bryan, Mark Twain
Looking Back…
• What were American motives for taking
control of Cuba and the Philippines?
• What are some reasons to remain in
control of these countries after the
Spanish American War is over?
• What are some reasons to give these
countries their independence after the
war?
C. An American Empire is
Born
1. The Debate Over
Annexation
a. Those for:
1. Economic and military
benefits
2. Naval bases
3. “Civilize”
b. Those against:
http://i20.ebayimg.com/06/i/07/e1/58/71_1.JPG
1. Cost of empire
outweighs economic
benefits
c. Treaty of Paris
1. Cuba became independent
2. U.S. acquired Puerto Rico and Guamprotectorates
3. U.S. paid $20 million for the Philippines
2. Rebellion in the Philippines
a. Aguinaldo led his troops against the U.S.
b. Arthur MacArthur used many of the same
tactics we condemned the Spanish for
c. Howard Taft tried to win over Filipino people
• What was the argument for annexation?
• What was the argument against
annexation?
• Which side would you have been on?
Why?
3. Governing Puerto Rico
a. Foraker Act – unincorporated territory
1. Not U.S. citizens
2. No constitutional rights
3. Congress could pass any laws they liked
4. Cuba and the Platt Amendment
a. Platt Amendment
1. Cuba could not make treaties that would weaken
independence or allow a foreign nation to gain
Cuban territory
2. U.S. could buy or lease naval stations
3. Cuba’s debts had to be kept low
4. U.S. had the right to intervene
Section 3:
The U.S. and East Asia
U.S. troops fire on rebels
• Filipinos reacted with
rage to the American
annexation
• Rebel leader Emilio
Aguinaldo vowed to
fight for freedom and
in 1899 he led an
insurrection
• Insurrection: rebellion
• The 3-year war claimed
20,000 Filipino rebels,
4,000 American lives
and $400,000,000 (20x
the price the U.S. paid
for the land) (guerrilla
warfare)
Looking back…
• How did the war make the United States
a world power?
Imperialism Questions:
• What did supporters of American expansion
argue? How did anti-imperialists respond to
their arguments
• How did economic interest, ideology, and
strategic interest encourage American
imperialism?
• What principles should govern American
foreign policy?
• When should the United States interfere in
the internal affairs of a foreign country?
III. New American Diplomacy
A. Theodore Roosevelt’s Rise to Power
1. The Election of 1900
a. Dem. William Jennings Bryan: anti-imperialist
b. Rep. William McKinley: “Four more years of
a full dinner pail.”
2. Theodore Roosevelt became president
when McKinley was assassinated.
3. Roosevelt Becomes President
a. Overcame a sickly childhood
b. Strong proponent of increasing
American power
c. Accepted some of the ideas of AngloSaxonism
d. Duty to shape “less civilized”
AMERICANS PROTECT RIGHTS IN
ASIA
• After the Boxer Rebellion,
John Hay again issued a
series of Open Door
Policies
• These policies reflected
American beliefs in the
importance of exports, the
right of America to
intervene to keep foreign
markets open, and the
belief that America’s
survival depended on
access to foreign markets
Tensions b/w U.S. and Japan
• Russo-Japanese War:
• Russian troops in
Manchuria
• Japan attacked Russia
The Nobel
Peace Prize
is awarded
annually
• Roosevelt negotiated a
settlement between
Russia and Japan who
had been at War – his
successful efforts in
negotiating the Treaty
of Portsmouth won
Roosevelt the 1906
Nobel Peace Prize
• Gentlemen’s Agreement
Great White Fleet
• Roosevelt promoted military
preparedness to protect interest in
China
• The Great White Fleet: 16 white
battleships
• Cruised around the world to
demonstrate America’s military power
B. American Diplomacy in Asia
1. The Open Door Policy
a. 1905 Sino-Japanese War: over Korea
b. Russia forced Japan to give land in
Manchuria back to China
c. Sphere of Influence: control economic
development
d. Open Door Policy provided equal trading
rights
China
• Japan, England, Germany, Russia and
France break China up into “Spheres of
Influence”
• Hay’s Open Door notes: One & Two
• A) Each sphere respect rights of others
• B) China should collect duties at ports
• C) All spheres same train & port rates
BOXER REBELLION
• European nations
dominated China’s cities
• Resentment arose in the
form of secret societies
determined to rid China of
these “foreign devils”
• The Boxer’s were a secret
group that rioted in 1900,
killing and vandalizing all
things foreign
• Foreign Troops were
called in to put down this
“Boxer Rebellion”
2. The Boxer Rebellion
a. 1900
b. Purpose was to get foreigners out of
China
c. Killed over 200
d. Sec. of State Hay convinced European
powers to back away and not use
rebellion as a reason to partition
How did the Open Door Policy affect the
relationship between the United States and
Asia?
3. Balancing Power in East Asia
a. Roosevelt worked to prevent countries from
monopolizing China
b. Roosevelt negotiated a treaty between
Russia and Japan in 1905- Portsmouth
Treaty
c. Japan dominates – beats a world power
d. Relationship between the U.S. and Japan
goes downhill
C. A Growing Presence in the Caribbean
1. The Panama Canal
a. 1901: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty – U.S.
exclusive right to build the canal
b. 1903: U.S. acquired Panama Canal Zone
c. French company sells rights and property
to U.S.
d. 1903 Hay offered Columbia $10 million
and $250,000 to construct canal
THE PANAMA CANAL
• By the early 20th century,
many Americans
understood the
advantages of a canal
through Panama
• It would greatly reduce
travel times for
commercial and military
ships by providing a
short cut between the
Atlantic and Pacific
oceans
“The shortcut”
BUILDING THE PANAMA
CANAL 1904-1914
Cost- $380 million
Workers– Over 40,000 (5,600 died)
Time – Construction took 10 years
• The French had
already
unsuccessfully
attempted to build a
canal through Panama
• America first had to
help Panama win their
independence from
Colombia – which it
did
• Construction of the
Canal stands as one
of the greatest
engineering feats of
all-time
This view, provided by NASA, shows the thin blue line
(canal) cutting across the middle of Panama
Almost 1,000,000 ships have passed through the canal,
which became sole property of Panama in the year 2000
2. Revolt in Panama
a. Panamanians wanted to protect commercial
interests
b. French company wants U.S. to build in Panama
c. Tension between Panama and Columbia
d. 11/3/1903: Panama claims independence
e. U.S. recognizes independence
f. Panama and U.S. sign treaty to build canal
3. The Roosevelt Corollary
a. “Big Stick” diplomacy
b. Corollary said the U.S. would interfere in Latin
America affairs when necessary – to maintain
economic and political stability
c. First applied in the Dominican Republic
d. Taft = “Dollar Diplomacy”
1. Nicaragua
“Big Stick” Diplomacy
• “Speak softly and carry a big stick”
• Roosevelt Corollary: States that the
United States has the right to protect its
economic interest in South and Central
America by using its military force
• Dollar diplomacy: the policy of
intervening in other countries to protect
U.S. business interests (Taft)
Moral Diplomacy
Wilson
U.S. would “never again seek one
additional foot of territory by conquest”
but would work to promote “human
rights, national integrity, and
opportunity”
Intervening in Mexico
• Mexican Revolution, 1911, led by Francisco
Madero
• Took over Diaz’s dictatorship and became a
reformer
• 1913 Victoriano Huerta took over and
executed Madero
• Under “moral diplomacy” Wilson favored
Venustiano Carranza, a reformer
• U.S. helped Carranza obtain power
• Rebels arose due to Carranza’s lack of speed
in bringing reform
Francisco
“Pancho” Villa
• Mexican Revolutionary
• Raided New Mexico killing 18
Americans
• John Pershing: US general who led
10,000 troops to capture Villa
• Withdrew after a few months and no
success and b/c of WWI
In the end how does America look?
• Are we good guys or bad?
• What do you think?