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The Cold War 1945-1989 Postwar outcomes • Soviet occupied territory – Eastern and Central Europe – Eastern portion of Germany. Germany was DIVIDED • West Germany democratic and resumed selfgoverned after Allied occupation • East Germany controlled by the Soviet Union Japan after WWII • Temporarily occupied by American forces. – adopted a democratic form of government –resumed self-government – became a strong ally of the United States. Europe Rebuilds • Europe lay in ruins • The United States launched the Marshall Plan – provided massive financial aid to rebuild European economies and prevent the spread of communism. United Nations • Political union formed on October 24, 1945 • Formed to create a body for the nations of the world to try to prevent future global wars • Emblem: the world in the olive branches of peace Origins of the Cold War • The Cold War lasted from the end of World War II until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989. United States Soviet Union • represented DEMOCRATIC political institutions • free market economy (no government interference) • represented a TOTALITARIAN government • command economy (everything controlled by the government) Nuclear Weapons • The Soviet Union matched the United States in nuclear weaponry in the 1950s • The threat of a nuclear was everpresent throughout the Cold War. • President Eisenhower, adopted a policy of “massive retaliation” to deter any nuclear strike by the Soviets. U.S. Responds Truman Doctrine • “containment of communism” – NOT concerned with rolling it back or destroying it all together – Concerned with preventing communism from spreading and resisting the aggression of communist nations North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) • Political alliance • Members: U.S. and western European nations • Purpose: prevent a Soviet invasion of western Europe FOR PROTECTION AGAINST COMMUNISM!! Warsaw Pact • Members: Soviet Union and eastern European allies • Purpose: provide protection against threat from western democracies FOR PROTECTION AGAINST WESTERN POWERS!! Communist China • China’s fall to communism increased American fears of communist domination of most of the world. • HOWEVER, China and the Soviet Union become RIVALS not allies • U.S. fear of the spread of communism increases to the point of paranoia Are there SPIES in the U.S.? • Soviet Spies – Alger Hiss, and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg – Convicted of spying for the Soviet Union – the construction of nuclear weapons by the Soviets was made possible by the technical secrets obtained through spying • Discovery of spies increased domestic fears of communism in the U.S. The Rosenbergs are convicted and executed McCarthyism • Senator Joseph McCarthy • played on American fears of communism • recklessly accused many American governmental officials and citizens of being communists based on flimsy or no evidence • The term McCarthyism means making false accusations based on rumor or guilt by association. • Many people were convicted of being communists with little or no evidence. Can you detect a communist? Major events of the Cold War that increased U.S. fear of communism. Sputnik I (1957) The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge! U-2 Spy Incident (1960) Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace. The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961) Checkpoint Charlie Ich bin ein Berliner! (1963) President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West is with them! Khruschev Embraces Castro, 1961 The Soviet Union and Cuba become ALLIES. Fidel Castro • Led a communist revolution in Cuba in the late 1950s • Many Cubans fled to Florida • Bay of Pigs Invasion –Attempt to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961) U.S. invasion to try to overthrow the communist government of Fidel Castro Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) • The Soviet Union stationed nuclear missiles in Cuba • President Kennedy ordered the Soviets to remove their missiles • The world was on the edge of nuclear war • The Soviet Union “blinked” and removed their missiles Thirteen Days Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked! The Korean War: A “Police Action” (19501953) Kim Il-Sung Syngman Rhee “Domino Theory” The Korean War • Reflected the American policy of containment • North Korea invades South Korea – U.S. leads a counterattack into North Korea – Communist Chinese come to the aid of North Korea • Ends in STALEMATE Korean War • North Korea = communist government • South Korea = democratic government, free market, industrializing economy • Divided along the 38th parallel Vietnam War: 1965-1973 President Kennedy • The U.S. will “pay any price, bear any burdern, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the succes of LIBERTY.” »John F. Kennedy “ask not what your country can do for YOU, but what you can do for your COUNTRY.” »JFK President Kennedy • Began American military buildup in Vietnam • Kennedy was assasinated in 1963 in Dallas, Texas. • Shook the nation’s confidence and began a period of internal division over U.S. involvement in Vietnam A Limited War • President Lyndon Johnson increased American presence in Vietnam • American forces continually defeated the Vietnamese on the battlefield • BUT COULD NOT END THE WAR A Limited War • America was unwilling to fully commit. • Fighting a LIMITED war –Limited manpower –Limited supplies America Divided • Some Americans supported the military and fighting the war • Others actively opposed the war, especially on college campuses Kent State University Richard Nixon • Johnson did not run for reelection • Nixon pledged to bring the war to an honorable end through VIETNAMIZATION –Withdrawing American troops and replacing them with Vietnamese forces • This strategy FAILED Pentagon Papers • 7,000 page document revealing plans of entering Vietnam even when President Johnson was promising not to send troops • NO PLAN TO END THE WAR as long as North Vietnam continued its aggression • The government had betrayed its citizens Watergate Scandal • Nixon resigned after the Watergate Scandal • In 1975, North and South Vietnam merged under a single COMMUNIST government. Vietnam Veterans • Unlike WWII veterans, Vietnam veterans faced indifference and even hostility upon their return to the U.S. • Several years later, they received the recognition they deserved The Cold War at HOME • American schools held regular drills incase of nuclear attacks • Americans urged to build bomb shelters in their basements “Duck and Cover” • http://molotovdigital.com/files/clip/1/18/Mai n/DuckandCover.htm U.S. Military • Millions of Americans defended freedom in wars and conflicts that were not always popular at home • As a result, the U.S. and American ideals of democracy and freedom ultimately prevailed U.S. Government • Foreign policy became the dominant issue in every presidential election • Military expenditures benefited the Virginia economy (home to many naval bases in Hampton Roads, Pentagon, etc.) Problems in the Soviet Union • Increased military spending to compete with the U.S. • Economic inefficiency • Rising nationalism in the Soviet republics • Fast-paced reforms (market economy) President Gorbachev • “glasnost” – openness –Management of the country open to debate –FREEDOM of SPEECH • “perestroika” – economic restructuring President Ronald Reagan • Challenged the moral legitimacy o9f the Soviet Union • “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall” • Increased U.S. military and economic pressure on the Soviet Union The Berlin Wall is torn down The Soviet Union collapsed in 1989 and the Cold War was over.