Download Bill of rights

1. Washington’s Presidency
 Served 2 terms---1789 to 1797
 VP: John Adams
2. US Problems = Solutions
 Government on paper but not in practice
 Precedents
 Develops first
 Cabinet----Hamilton vs Jefferson
 Supreme Court
 Debt
Farmers refuse to
 Excise taxes and tariffs
 Bank of United States (BUS) in 1792 pay Whiskey tax
to US Govt.
 Confidence in new Constitution
“Mobocracy”
 Whiskey Rebellion
 Successfully put down by Washington, 1794
notes1
3. Accomplishments
 Political achievements
 Supreme Court---Judiciary Act of 1789
 treaties
Created lowers
courts to assist the
Supreme Court
Domestic Achievements:
Secures westward expansion
Jay’s Treaty—1793---Great Britain
Picnkney’s Treaty—1795---Spain
Debt solutions
Excise taxes and tariffs
Farmers refuse to pay
Bank of United States (BUS)
Whiskey tax to US
Enforced Constitution
Govt. “Mobocracy”
Whiskey Rebellion
Demonstrated strength of new government
Foreign Achievements
No war with Great Britain or Spain
French Revolution---1789 to 1800---US response
Neutrality Act---Washington warns = stay out
Cornerstone of US foreign policy = isolationism
Washington’s Farewell Speech
Two ways the US can stay unified and strong
Avoid political parties
Wash
inaugural
•New Constitution
and Government
take effect on
April 30, 1789.
•Washington
begins his
presidency in
New York City
and alternates
between there
and Philadelphia.
•Capital city at
this time was
New York City.
Precedents are models,
examples or influences other
Presidents would follow
What to call the President? Mr.
President
President sets their own personal style
Cabinet appointed by President and
advises him
VP has no official duties
President acts independent from Congress
Congress relies on the advice of the President
Served 2 terms and stepped aside for someone else
edents
prec
cabinet
Cabinet advises the President and heads up
an agency of the government
Department of State-----Foreign affairs
•Thomas Jefferson----Secretary of State
Department of Treasury---Financial affairs
•Alexander Hamilton—Secretary of the Treasury
Department of War-------------------Military affairs
•Henry Knox----Secretary of War
General- Attorney ---------------------Legal affairs
•Edmund Randolph---Department of Justice
Postmaster General-------------------Postal system
•Samuel Osgood
First 10 Amendments to the
Constitution in 1791
Rights and freedoms won in
the Revolution are preserved
and protected…
1. FREEDOM of Religion,
Press, Speech, Assembly,
Petition
2. RIGHT TO KEEP AND
BEAR ARMS
3. No QUARTERING of
soldiers in peacetime
4. NO UNREASONABLE
SEARCH and SEIZURE
5. PROTECTION of
ACCUSED
6. RIGHT TO A SPEEDY,
PUBLIC TRIAL BY JURY
7. TRIAL BY JURY IN CIVIL
SUITS
8. NO EXCESSIVE FINES or
CRUEL PUNISHMENT
9. POWERS RESERVED TO
THE PEOPLE
10. POWERS RESERVED TO
THE STATES
•President Washington appoints 6
justices to the Supreme Court
•3 from North and 3 from South
•Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress
created lower courts to assist the
Supreme Court.
John Jay first
Chief Justice
of the Supreme
Court
•Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson played a
valuable role in the beginning of our nation.
•Both were visionaries and influenced the direction our
country would go economically, politically and socially.
•President Washington was stuck in the middle of these
two men as they argued over our country’s beginnings.
Foreign Debt
$11,710,000
Federal Domestic Debt
$42,414,000
State Debt
$21,500,000
Congress & Sec. of
Treasury Alexander
Hamilton solve debt
problems:
•Pay off $80 million debt
•Excise tax: Taxes placed on
manufactured products
•Tariff: a tax on imports
•Establish good credit with
foreign nations
•Create a national bank with a
national currency
Misc.
Revenue
Excise
Tax
on Whiskey
Custom
Duties
(Tariffs)
Compromise with Thomas Jefferson called
the Assumption Act led to the creation of
Washington, D.C.
•Raise money for govt backed by
gold silver
BUS
HAMILTON
JEFFERSON
•Safe place to deposit and
transfer money
•Against the Constitution
•Provide loans to government
and state banks
•A national currency---$$$$$
•An investment by people to buy
stock into US bank
•State banks would collapse
•Only wealthy could invest in
bank and would control bank
than control the government
•Hurt the common man
•Constitution did not forbid a
national bank….Loose
construction of Constitution
•Strict construction…If it is not
mentioned in the Constitution
than there can’t be a national
bank.
•National debt good for country
•Against a national debt
Whiskey Rebellion
Whiskey Rebels refused to pay the excise tax that was passed by
Congress and signed into law by President Washington….Believed
this tax was unfair because it was taxing their income……
whiskeymap
•Farmer’s revolt in
western
Pennsylvania.
•Refused to pay
Hamilton’ s excise
tax
•Believed it was an
unfair tax.
•Were called the
“Whiskey Rebels”
Whiskey
•Issue at hand was
testing the power of
the new Constitution
Outcome:
•Demonstrated to the
people that this new
constitution was
powerful enough to
put down domestic
rebellions,
“mobocracy”
•Showed the power of
President Washington reviews 13,000 troops of the
the national
Western Army assembled at Fort Cumberland,
government
Maryland, to crush the Whiskey Rebellion.
political
Federalist Beliefs
Leader
Appealed
to
Ideas of
Government
Domestic
Policy
Foreign
Policy
Alexander Hamilton
John Adams
Manufacturers, merchants,
wealthy and educated….
Favored seaboard cities
Strong government over states
Loose Construction of Constitution
•Implied powers
Wealthy and educated involved
Limit freedoms of speech & press
Preferred govt. similar to a king
Supported National Bank—BUS
Supported excise tax
National debt good for country
National govt. assume state debts
Tariffs should be high
Opposed French Revolution
Wanted war with French
Favored the British
(former Anti-Federalists)
Democratic-Republicans
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
Farmers and Planters
common man
Favored the South and West
State’s rights over National Govt.
Strict construction of Constitution
•Expressed/Enumerated powers
Common man but educated
Bill of Rights is sacred
Lesser government the better
Against National Bank—BUS
Against excise tax
Against National debt
States pay their own debts
Tariffs should be low
Supported French Revolution
Opposed war with French
Favored the French
•Began in 1790’s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis
•Overthrow King Louis 16th and Marie Antoniete
•similar to King George
•Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours
•Executions of King
Louis the 16th and Marie
Antoniette in 1793.
•Begins “Reign of Terror”
during French
Revolution where 40,000
opponents of the new
govt. were beheaded.
•France goes to war against European kings
•France requested US ships to block West Indies from the
British
•President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered
Americans to avoid this war
farewell
Whereas it appears that a state of
war exists between Austria,
Prussia, Sardinia, Great Britain
and the United Netherlands, of
the one part and France on the
other; and the duty and
interest of the U.S. require, that they should
with sincerity and good faith adopt and
pursue a conduct friendly and impartial
toward the belligerent powers.
farewell
I have therefore thought fit by these
presents to declare the disposition of the
U.S. to observe the conduct aforesaid
towards those Powers respectfully; and
to exhort and warn the citizens of the
U.S. carefully to avoid all acts and
proceedings whatsoever, which may in
any manner tend to contravene such
disposition….April 1793
•President Washington’s response to the French was to
warn Americans to stay out these European conflicts and
remain neutral or avoid.
•Why?
•Most Americans (Jefferson and Paine) were
upset with Washington’s Neutrality.
•Washington’s Neutrality decision was
based on the long term U.S. self interest.
•Preserve and protect the infant nation
Thomas Paine On
Washington’s Neutrality
“And as to you, sir, treacherous in private friendship (for
so you have been to me, and that in the day of danger)
and a hypocrite in public life, the world will be puzzled to
decide, whether you are an apostate or an importer;
whether you have abandoned good principles, or
whether you ever had any.”
Conflicts with Britain
•British made
neutrality difficult:
maintained trading
posts on US soil,
sold firearms to
Indians.
•Collaborated with
Indians to check US
expansion to
frontier.
•President
Washington
faced several
Indian
problems.
•British were
supplying the
tribes with arms
and ammunition
to attack US
settlers.
•Washington
sent General
“Mad Anthony”
Wayne to defeat
the Indian
tribes.
War in the Old
Northwest Territory
Several tribes, led by Little
Turtle of the Miamis, scored
early victories (1790–91)
The Miamis were
defeated at Fallen
Timbers by General
Mad Anthony Wayne
(1794)
War in the Old
Northwest Territory
Treaty of Greenville
• (1795) gave USA right to settle
most of Ohio
• First formal recognition of Indian
sovereignty over land not ceded
by treaty
Map 13 of 45
Conflicts with Britain
• British expected Americans to defend French
West Indies, so attacked US merchant ships,
seizing about 300
– Impressed and imprisoned American sailors.
• Jeffersonians called for war
• Federalists resisted (financial system).
impressment
Impressment
An act of kidnapping
a ship, its contents,
men and forcing
them into your navy
France began impressing
our ships and sailors
because of our Neutrality
Proclamation.
France upset because we
violated the Franco
American Treaty of 1778.
Jay’s Treaty
• To avoid war, Washington sent Chief
Justice John Jay to London (1794).
• Jeffersonian’s concerned about Jay’s
loyalty.
• Hamilton feared war with England,
secretly supplied British with US
bargaining strategy.
Jay’s Treaty
• British remove forts from
US soil
• Allowed US to negotiate
separate treaties with
Indian tribes
John Jay is burnt in
effigy because
Americans believed he
sold out to the British.
• Opened westward
expansion for US settlers.
Jay’s Treaty
• British agree to pay some
damages, but required US
to pay old debts on preRevolution accounts.
John Jay is burnt in
effigy because
Americans believed he
sold out to the British.
• Jeffersonian’s felt treaty
was surrender to Britain,
betrayal of South (who had
debts).
• Did not stop impressment.
Jay’s Treaty
• Jay’s Treaty gave life to new DemocraticRepublican party, tarnished Wash.’s
popularity.
• Spain, fearing US-British alliance, gives
US free use of Mississippi, disputed
territory north of FL.
Spain cut off our
farmers right to use the
Mississippi River and
deposit their crops in
New Orleans.
Picnkneys
Pinckney’s Treaty: Spain gave US the free use of the Mississippi
River for 5 yrs. and the boundary was set at 31st parallel between
Spanish Florida and US……
farewell
•Washington warned of the
dangers of political parties and
permanent alliances with other
nations.
•Washington’s warning against
“entangling alliances” became a
principle of U.S. foreign policy.
“Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have
none or a very remote relation….Our detached and distant
situation invites and enables us to pursue a different
course…..It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent
alliances with any portion of the foreign world……Taking
care always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments
on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to
temporary alliances for extraordinary
emergencies”…..1796
 Washington is convinced that Americans
must stay neutral and avoid foreign affairs
associated with all the British and foreign
continents--- ”GOOD HISTORIAN”
Washington displayed this in 1793 by the
Proclamation of Neutrality and his Farewell
Address in 1796.
No entangling alliances…….US should avoid
military alliances with Europe…….continue to
trade with Europe
Neutrality = Isolation
1. Election of 1796
• Rise of Political parties
• Adams 2nd president---Jefferson VP
• Serves 1 term---1797 to 1801
Federalist
Democratic
Republican
2. Foreign relations----possible war with France—Why?
• US neutrality, treaty of 1778 and Jay’s Treaty
• US upset----”impressment” of our ships
• Adams negotiates with France to keep US out of war
• XYZ Affair
Congress creates the
• US apologize
Dept. of the Navy and
• Loan France money
US Marines
• $250,0000 bribe
• Americans demand war with France
• Undeclared naval war---US vs France-1798 - 1800
3. President Adams prepares US for war….
• Alien and Sedition Act—1798
4. VP Jefferson & Madison against these laws..”Responses”
• Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
•
if US law violates the Constitution, the states can
refuse to obey it….”nullification”
•
Why? Compact theory: States created national
government and have the right to nullify any law
they believe is unconstitutional
• State’s rights vs national govt. conflict
5. Adams vs. Napoleon Bonaparte to keep US out of war
• Treaty agreement
• Abandon treaty of 1778
• US drop the claims against France
• Adam’s accomplishment:
• Kept US “neutral” and out of war
• Sacrifices his presidency and will not be re-elected
• Why? Went against people and Federalists
Adams Becomes President
1796 campaign
• Adams was supported by New
England and Federalists
– Defeated Jefferson 71-68 in
Electoral College
– Jefferson becomes VP
• France and US close to war.
– Jay’s Treaty
– US not honoring the FrancoAmerican Treaty of 1778
Fighting with France
• French upset by US violation of
France-US treaty of 1778
• Upset with Jay’s Treaty toward
alliance with England
• French warships impressed over 300
US merchant ships by 1797
Fighting with France
• 1798-1800: In undeclared hostilities,
mostly around West Indies
• US captured over 80 French ships
but lost several hundred to France.
• Needed only slight push for war.
Adams
Tallyrand
President Adams on
the XYX Affair….”I will
never send another
minister to France
without assurances
that he will be
received, respected,
and honored as the
representative of a
great, free, powerful
and independent
nation.”
To avoid war with France, President
Adams sent 3 US representatives
(John Marshall, Charles Pinckney and
John Jay) to negotiate a peace
agreement…..
US representatives were snubbed
by the French government……
Eventually, 3 French
representatives (known as X, Y and Z
because they refused to give their
names)
XYZ demanded a bribe of $250,000
to merely talk with Tallyrand
Insulted, we refused the demands
and left France…
US & French begin to fight an
undeclared naval war.
• XYZ Affair
• French demanded an apology
• Demanded a $12 million loan.
“The French government would permit us to
remain at Paris and we should be received by
Talleyrand one of us could go to American
and consult our government on the subject
of the loan.
We had no reason to believe that a possible
benefit could result from it. And we desired
him to tell his government that we would not
give a shilling unless American property
unjustly captured was previously restored
and further hostilities suspended…
Unless this was done, we did not think that
we could even consult our government
concerning a loan…..”
Fighting with France
• Americans
wanted war and
were heard to say
• “millions for
defense, but not
one cent for
tribute”
• US prepares for
war, expands
navy, creates the
US Marine Corps.
Patriotism Above Party
• Hamilton and the war-hawk Federalists
enraged, but most Americans agreeable
to try for peace
• 1800: new US envoys come to find
Napoleon as new dictator
– Wants to resolve US conflict
Patriotism Above Party
• New French leader, Napoleon
and Talleyrand did not want
war, or to push the US to Britain
• French send back-channel
message that new US minister
would be received properly
• 1799: Adams submits to Senate
new minister to France
Adams
Napoleon
•To prevent a war with France, in 1800,
President Adams sent representatives to France
to meet with Napoleon and Tallyrand to
negotiate a peace agreement…..
•Tallyrand guarantees France would accept
our representatives and treat them with respect.
The agreement was as follows:
Adams
Napoleon
•Convention of 1800 signed:
– ended Franco-American alliance
•Adams deserves credit:
–Avoided war
–Unknowingly laid foundation for LA Purchase
•Adams sacrificed his re-election in 1800
to keep US out of war
–Patriotism above self-interest
Adams/napoleon
Federalist Witch
Hunt
• 1798: Using anti-French hysteria,
Federalists in Congress passed the Alien
& Sedition Acts
• Alien Laws: raised residency required for
citizenship to 14 years (from 5), resulting
in fewer Democratic-Republican voters
Federalist Witch Hunt
• Sedition Act violated Constitution, but
Federalist SC would not overturn
• Law wrote to expire in 1801 in case
Federalists lost election
• Despite violation of freedoms, Acts were
very popular
• “That if any person shall write, print, utter, or
publish, or shall cause or procure to be written,
printed, uttered or published, or shall knowingly
and willingly assist in any false,
• Scandalous and malicious writing or writings
against the government of the United States, or
either house of Congress or the President of the
United States,
• Then such person, being thereof convicted
before any court of the United States, shall be
punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand
dollars and by imprisonment not exceeding two
years……”
ISSUE: Does the United States Govt have
the right to suspend your rights (Bill of
Rights) in time of crisis (such as war) to
protect the national security of the
country?
ALIEN ACT: Congress gave President Adams the
power to deport any immigrant who was
considered a risk to national security….Also,
changed naturalization (immigrants who want
to become citizens) from 5 years to 14 yrs…
SEDITION ACT: Congress gave President Adams
special powers to arrest anyone who spoke
out against the war effort….Primarily
against Jefferson’s Democratic/Republicans
and newspaper editors who opposed the
war…..
Kty/va resolutions
Jefferson’s and Madison’s response
to the Sedition Act…..They tried to
convince the other states not to
support the Sedition Act….It failed
and the Sedition Act remained the
law until 1801.
DOCTRINE OF NULLIFICATION: Since the States created
the National Government, they have the right to
nullify, cancel or decide not to obey a law they
believed was unconstitutional ….
COMPACT THEORY: Belief Jefferson and Madison held
that since the states created the National Govt.
and the states entered into this compact
voluntarily, they have the right to refuse to obey
any law they believe is unconstitutional…
VA & KY Resolutions
• Jefferson (secretly) & Madison write
resolutions adopted by KY & VA
legislatures arguing “nullification”
• US government had overstepped its
bounds ~ “compact” with states had
been violated
VA & KY Resolutions
• As a result, states could “nullify” federal
laws ~ specifically the Alien & Sedition
Acts
• Federalist response: it’s people, not
states, that formed union
• That the General Assembly protests against the alarming
infractions of the Constitution, in the "Alien and Sedition
Acts" passed at the last session of Congress.
• That this state having by its Convention, expressly
declared, that among other essential rights, "the Liberty of
Conscience and of the Press cannot be cancelled, abridged,
restrained, or modified by any authority of the United
States,"
• The General Assembly appeals to the other states, in
confidence that they will concur that the acts are
unconstitutional and that the necessary and proper
measures will be taken by each in maintaining the
Authorities, Rights, and Liberties, referred to the States
respectively, or to the people.
politicalparties
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
FEDERALISTS
Alexander Hamilton/John
Adams
Led by merchants, bankers and
lawyers living primarily in New
England.
Favored a strong central
government.
Interpreted the Constitution
loosely--- ”implied powers”
Believed in a government by the
elite, educated and wealthy.
Pro-England.
Favored Hamilton's financial
policies----support BUS
Vision for US: Trade center,
industry and self-sufficient.
DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS
1) Thomas Jefferson/James
Madison.
2) Led by planters, farmers and
wage earners living primarily
in the South and West.
3) Favored strong state
governments over national
government.
4) Interpreted the Constitution
strictly--- “enumerated
powers”
5) Rule by the educated masses.
6) Pro-France.
7) Opposed Hamilton's financial
policies---against BUS
8)
Vision for US: Agricultural
society, little trade and industry