Download 3. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

The Young Republic
Growth and Division
1816-1832
Chapter 7
American Nationalism
Era of Good Feeling
President Monroe 5th
President James Monroe 5th
 “Era of Good Feeling”- is what the Columbian
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Sentinel, a Boston Newspaper, called the time period after the War of
1812.
New National identity after the war.
Federalist Party had lost power and their influence.
The War of 1812 taught people Republican leaders were stronger than
the Federalist Leaders.
There were new roads and a new National Bank.
(1816) John C. Calhoun (SC)
 Passed a bill to start
the Second National
Bank. Supported by
Henry Clay of (KY) and
Daniel Webster (MA).
 This controlled all the
state banks, and it
gave a national
currency.
John “Butt Ugly” Calhoun
Henry Clay
Daniel Webster
"The Devil and Daniel Webster"
 "The Devil and Daniel Webster" is a short story
by Stephen Vincent Benét. This retelling of the
classic German Faust tale is based on the short
story "The Devil and Tom Walker", written by
Washington Irving. Benet's version of the story
centers on a New Hampshire farmer who sells his
soul to the Devil and is defended by Daniel
Webster, a fictional version of the famous lawyer
and orator.
After the War of 1812
 After the War of 1812 the U.S.A. could now
buy British goods again. The embargo had
been ended. New British goods flowed into
America.
 This could put American companies out of
business.
Tariff of 1816
 Tariff of 1816- This was a Protective Tariff
and not a Revenue Tariff.
 Protective Tariffs nurture American
manufactures by taxing imports to make
prices go up on foreign goods.
Transportation
 (1816) John C. Calhoun (SC)- sponsored a
plan to improve transportation in America.
Judicial Nationalism
 John Marshall- Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court.
 Between 1816 and 1824 Marshall had three
major Supreme Court Cases.
 1. Martin v. Hunter Lessee (1816)
 2. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
 3. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
1. Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816)
 Martin tried to sell some of his land in Virginia that he had
gotten from his Uncle Lord Fairfax. Lord Fairfax had been a
Loyalist during the American Revolution .
 The law said that no Enemy of America could inherit land.
 The Supreme Court said that it conflicted with the Treaty of
Paris (1783).
 They said that even loyalist should get their land back.
 Martin was able to sell land.
 This helped the Supreme Court say that they had final
appeal, helped Federal Government.
2. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
2. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
 Maryland did not want to be taxed by the Second
Bank of the U.S.A.
 John Marshall said that the Second National Bank
did have the power to tax and regulate trade and
commerce between the states.
 They were arguing about the amount of power the
National Bank should have.
 The State Government (Maryland) cannot interfere
with the Federal Government.
 This would give Congress more flexibility to enact
new legislation.
3. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
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Petitioner: Gibbons
Respondent: Ogden
Heard By:
Marshall Court (1823-1824)
Decided By:
Marshall Court (1824-1826)
Opinion:
22 U.S. 1 (1824)
Argued:
Wednesday, February 4, 1824
Decided:
Tuesday, March 2, 1824
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
 Aaron Ogden had a license from the State
of New York to navigate between New York
City and the New Jersey Shore.
 Ogden found himself competing with
Thomas Gibbons, who had been given
permission to use the waterways by the
Federal Government.
 After the State of New York denied Gibbons
access to the Hudson Bay, he sued Ogden.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
 Said that Thomas Gibbons had a Monopoly
on the Steamboat Industry in New York and
New Jersey.
 Supreme Court ruled that this was
unconstitutional, and that the state
government had over stepped their power.
 If trade went across state lines, it would then
become a federal government issue.
Robert Fulton 1807
invention of the steamboat
Supreme Court
 1. Martin v. Hunter Lessee (1816)
 2. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
 3. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
 All three cases made American Nationalism
Stronger, but most states government did
not like what John Marshall had done.
America on the World Stage
 President Monroe
 5th President
 Republican
Andrew Jackson in Florida
 Spanish controlled Florida
was a major problem for
the American in the South.
 Many slaves would escape
to the state of Florida.
They knew that their
American owners could
not go into Spanish
Territory. The American
laws did not hold up in the
Spanish colonies of
Florida.
Andrew Jackson in Florida
Andrew Jackson in Florida
 Native Americans had moved to Florida because
white settlers had taken their land.
 Example: The Creek Indians
 In Florida that gave themselves a new name.
“Seminole” means “Runaway” or “Separatist.”
 They used Florida as a base to stage raids on
American settlers in Georgia.
 These settlers ask the Federal Government for
help.
Seminole
Seminole
Andrew Jackson in Florida
 Kinache- a Seminole leader warded the United
States to stay out of Florida.
 John Calhoun (SC) 1818 is now the Secretary of
War. He sends Andrew Jackson to Florida.
 Jackson attacked Seminole Villages. He took
control of St. Marks, and Pensacola. Jackson
removed the Spanish Governor of Florida.
 The Spanish and the Seminole were very, very
mad!!!
Kinache
Andrew Jackson in Florida
Andrew Jackson in Florida
 Jackson had done this and disobeyed his
orders.
 President Monroe was mad at first.
However, Secretary of State John Quincy
Adams used this turmoil to pressure the
Spanish into border negotiations with the
United States.
John Quincy Adams
 John Quincy Adams
Andrew Jackson in Florida
 At this time the Spanish had a great deal of
other problems to deal with. They were
losing control of some of their Latin
American Countries.
 Spain gave the state of Florida to American
in 1819. This is known as the Adams-Onis
Treaty (1819)
 Luis de Onis (Spanish)
 John Quincy Adams (American)
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
 Finalized the western border of the
Louisiana Purchase.
 Alabama will become a state 1819.
 The Adams-Otis or Transcontinental
Treaty of 1819 addressed two major
problems (1) the concerns of the
southwestern boundary and the Louisiana
Purchase and (2) the southern border of
Oregon at the 42nd parallel.
(Secretary of State, John Adams and
Spanish foreign minister Luis de Onis.)
Jackson-”I do what I want!”
The Monroe Doctrine
 By 1824 all of Spanish controlled land on
the U.S. mainland was under the control by
the United States.
 Spain still had Cuba, Puerto Rico, and
Santa Domingo.
The Monroe Doctrine
 In Europe there was a new Quadruple Alliance. The British,
Austria, Prussia, Russia, and later France would join.)
 This was an effort to suppress an movements against the
monarchies in Europe.
 They had talked about helping the Spanish regain their
lands in North and South America. This took place in 1822.
 This made the United States and Great Britain both very
mad.
 It could take new lands away from them, and it mainly
would hurt trade with the Latin American Countries.
The Monroe Doctrine
 The Monroe Doctrine was President Monroe and
John Quincy Adam's greatest achievement.
 1.) It was created to protect the United States and
the Western Hemisphere from European conflicts.
Monroe supported Adam's idea.
 2.)The doctrine called for non-colonization of the
Western Hemisphere if either side was occupied.
 3.) Additionally, the United States could not get
involved in European affairs.
The Monroe Doctrine
 President Monroe said to the European Countries,
“say out of America, this is our land!!!”
 The idea was to keep the big European Countries
from interfering with Latin American political
affairs, and to keep the United States from getting
involved in Europe.
 This was a long term policy.
 America Had the responsibility to POLICE THE
WESTERN HEMISPHERE!!!
Early Industry
Chapter 7 Section 2
Transportation Revolution
 Erie Canal 1825
The National Road
 First East to West Highway
 It was founded by the Federal
Government.
 By 1818 it went from the Potomac
River to the Ohio River.
 By 1821 4,000 miles of road had
been built. They mainly connected
the eastern cities.
Steamboat (1807)
 Rivers and waterways were a much
faster way to travel.
 Robert Fulton and Robert R.
Livingston create the first usable
steamboat called the Clermont.
The Railroad “The Iron Horse”
 The first railroads appeared in the early
1800s.
 Peter Cooper- built America’s first
locomotive in 1830. Based around the ones
that were used in Great Britain.
 The Tom Thumb was a small train that
pulled the first load of passengers. 40
people at the speed of 10 miles per hour
down a 13 mile track between Baltimore,
and Ellicott City, Maryland.
 The Tom Thumb even raced a horse.
 This was the beginning of the Railroad Era.
Peter Cooper
Tom Thumb
Mixed Opinions about the Train
 Some said the Locomotive was, “The
Devil’s own invention,” and “ a
compounded of fire, smoke, soot, and
dirt, spreading its infernal poison
throughout the fair countryside.”
 Others said it was a great new
achievement for America.
 Henry David Thoreau wrote about the
Train.
What did the Locomotive do for
American Industry?
 It made transportation cheaper.
 Increased the demand for Iron and steal. It
also increased the need for coal.
 Between 1830 and 1861 the U.S.A. built
over 30,000 miles of railroad.
 Needed 60,000 miles of iron for railroad
track. This made the need for coal go up.
 Coal production went from 50,000 tons a
year in 1820, to 14 million tons of coal in
1860.
Industrial Revolution
 The Industrial Revolution had
happened in Europe during the mid1700s.
 New industry opened up new jobs in
America.
America Industrial Revolution
America Industrial Revolution
 Free Enterprise- companies in
competition with one another.
 In the Northeastern part of America
Industrialization happens very fast.
 North was home to many
entrepreneurs and merchants.
Francis C. Lowell-entrepreneur
 Lowell opened a series
of mills in Northeast
Massachusetts in
1814. Textile mills. He
mass produced cotton
cloth in America.
 He had thousands of
workers. Mainly
women and children
because he could pay
them less.
Technology New Inventions
 Eli Whitney- He came up with the way
for machines to have interchangeable
parts.
 Gun making was much easier. Oneby-one process became a factory job.
 Making guns on an assembly line.
 Later Whitney makes the Cotton Gin.
Cotton Gin
Samuel F.B. Morse
 1832 He began work
on the telegraph. He
developed the Morse
code.
 1844 the first long
distance telegraph
connected Washington
D.C. and Baltimore.
 By 1860 50,000 miles
of telegraph wire
connected most of the
country.
Rise of Large Cities in America
 Industrialization of the United States
brought more people to the bigger
cities.
 In 1820 only one city had 100,000
people. By 1860, 8 different cities
had 100,000 people.
 In 1820 New York City had 123,706
people.
New Education
 Many new jobs in America. Printers
and Publishers were a few of the new
jobs that Americans could have.
 By 1840, 75% of the American
population could read. Over 90% of
the white population could read.
 The newspaper and book publishing
industry grow to new levels.
Education for Women
 Many woman were educated and
became literacy figures, writers, and
publishers.
Factory Workers
 The Industrial Boom made a new kind
of laborer. The Factory Worker.
 By 1860 there were 1.3 million
factory workers in America.
 There were problems between the
workers and owners of the factories.
Labor Unions
 Working conditions in
the factories were bad.
The workers were paid
very bad wages.
 Children of young ages
worked in bad
conditions and were
paid very little. People
worked long hours,
and many people were
injured in the factors
and often killed by
machinery.
Labor Unions
 By the late 1820s and early 1830s around
300,000 men and women belonged to a
workers union.
 Unions pushed for changes like higher
wages and a shorter 10-hour work day.
 During this time unions had very little
success. They did not have much power or
money.
 They could not support strikes.
 In 1840, President Martin Van Buren
supported labor unions by passing a 10
hour work day for federal employees.
The Land of Cotton
Chapter 7 section 3
The Land of Cotton
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The Southern Economy
Upper South -Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky,
and Tennessee. (Tobacco)
Coastal South- South Carolina, North
Carolina, and Georgia. (Rice)
Southwest- Eastern Texas, and Louisiana
(Sugarcane)
Deep South- Inland Georgia and South
Carolina, Alabama, and Mississippi. (Cotton)
The Land of Cotton
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Eli Whitney- comes to the south in 1793.
Whitney was good with small machines so he
invented a machine that could pick the seeds
from balls of cotton. This machine was called
the cotton gin. It only took him 10 days to
create the machine.
 “Gin”- short for engine. Before the Cotton Gin,
(1792) the south produced around 6,000 bales
of cotton. In (1801) production reached
100,000 bales of cotton.
Cotton is King
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By the end of the 1840s the south was
producing more than two million bales
annually. By 1860 it was four million. In 1860
Europeans bought $191 million in cotton.
 The demand for cotton made the demand for
slave labor go up a great deal.
 From 1820 to 1850 the number of enslaved
people in the deep south rose from about 1.5
million to around 4 million people.
South did not Industrialize as fast
as the North.
The South was agricultural.
 The North was Industrial.
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South
South had some industry.
 Coal, iron, salt, and copper mines. Also,
ironworks and textile mills.
 They depended on the North for clothes,
carriages, saddles, hats, shoes, flour,
potatoes, and much more.
 (1860) 16% of manufacturing in the USA
came from the south.
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Planters- Upper Class
1850- Census
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Southern White population was over 6 Million.
 347,725 were slave holders.
 37,000 of them were planters. (Owned more than 20
slaves.)
 Less than 8,000 planters held 50 or more slaves
 Only 11 planters held 500 or more slaves.
 Small percentage of slaveholders lived in big
plantations.
 Cotton helped many become wealthy.
 Lawyers, Doctors, and other professionals- Smallest
Group
Yeoman-Middle Class
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Vast majority of the southern white
population.
Rural Poor- Lower Class
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Bottom of the social
ladder. Lived on land
to poor for good
farming.
 Less than 10% of the
white population in
the south.
 Hunted and fished.
Grow small gardens.
African Americans- lowest class
93% of the blacks in the south were
enslaved.
 3.6 million African Americans in the
southern states. 37% of the southern
population.
 Some southern states had more slaves
than others. South Carolina had a great
deal of slaves. North Carolina did not.
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SLAVERY
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Plantation.
 task system- workers (Slaves) were given a
specific set of jobs to accomplish everyday
and worked until they are finished.
 Gang System- enslaved people were
organized into gangs that labored everyday.
 Driver- director of a work gang. Enslaved
person themselves.
SLAVERY
Frederick Douglass
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Wrote about his bad
experiences as a
slave.
Slave Codes
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Slave Codes said that
enslaved men and
women from owning
property or leaving the
slaveholder’s home
without permission.
Not allowed to read or
write.
Viewed as property not
as a person.
Free Blacks
1850 225,000 free blacks in the south.
Most in the upper southern states.
 Some free blacks in Charleston and New
Orleans.
 Some free blacks even owned slaves
themselves.
 In the North there were 196,000 free
blacks.
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Free Blacks
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Black Churches
Slave Rebellion
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In 1822 Denmark
Vesey was accused
of planning a slave
revolt to free the
slaves in the
Charleston area.
 We do not know if
he did or not, but
he was tried and
then hung for the
crime.
Nat Turner
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August 22 1831
Nat Turner, an enslaved minister lead a revolt.
He said that God told him to do it.
Like Moses leading his people out of Egypt,
Turner would lead his people out of slavery in
the south.
Killed more than 50 white men, women, and
children.
Turner was caught and hung.
Growing Sectionalism
The Missouri Compromise
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1819- 11 Free states, 11 Slave states
Maine- 1820 Free
Missouri- 1820 Slave
The senate did The Missouri Compromise.
Maine was free, and Missouri was a slave state.
• It allowed slavery to expand into the Arkansas
Territory south of Missouri, but keep slavery out
of the rest of the land that was part of the
Louisiana Purchase.
The Missouri Compromise
• Many thought that the Missouri
Compromise was pro-slave state, because
they thought that the land north of Missouri
was not good for farming.
• Temporary fix to the problem dealing with
slave and free states.
The Election of 1824
 This campaign showed that the Republican Party was
having a few sectional differences.
 4 candidates ran for president
 “Favorite Sons”
 Two in the west
 1. Henry Clay (KY)
 2. Andrew Jackson (TN)
 Northeast
 3. John Quincy Adams (MASS.)
 South
 4. William Crawford (Georgia)
The Election of 1824
• 1. Henry Clay (KY)
• 2. Andrew Jackson (TN)
The Election of 1824
• 3. John Quincy Adams(MASS.)
• 4. William Crawford (Georgia)
The Election of 1824
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Jackson beats Clay in the west.
Jackson and Clay hated one another.
Feb. 9th 1825 representatives met.
Clay supported Adams. This helped.
Adams 13 votes
Jackson 7 votes
Crawford 4 votes.
John Quincy Adams
 1825 John Quincy Adams becomes the
President.
 He made Henry Clay his Sec. of State.
 Jacksons supporters said there was fowl
play. Became know as the “corrupt bargain”
 This split the Republican party.
 Jackson supporters became Democrats.
 Adams party now called the National
Republicans.
Results of the 1824
Election
A
“Corrupt
Bargain?
”
John Quincy Adams
John Quincy Adams
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John Quincy Adams
(July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was the sixth President of the United
States from 1825 to 1829.
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Term
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Born
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Unitarian
Marriage
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Harvard College (graduated 1787)
Religion
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“Old Man Eloquent”
Education
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July 11, 1767, Braintree (now Quincy), Massachusetts
Nickname
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6th President of the United States (1825–1829)
July 26, 1797, to Louisa Catherine Johnson (1775–1852)
Children
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George Washington (1801–1829), John (1803–1834), Charles Francis
(1807–1886), Louisa Catherine (1811–1812)
The Election of 1828
 In 1828 Andrew Jackson (Old Hickory) beats John Q.
Adams.
 In was a hard fought and dirty campaign.
Mudslinging- They criticized each other personalities
and morals.
 Jackson said that he was the common man’s
president. Called Adams corrupt. Used his popularity
from the Battle of New Orleans to help him win.
 Jackson won 56 % of the popular vote.
 Jackson 178 of the 261 electoral votes.
 “Old Hickory” won
Essential Question:
Champion of
the
“Common Man”?
OR
“King”
Andrew?
THE HERMITAGE