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American Foreign Policy
﹙ Post-WWII﹚
 Sections
 Ⅰ. The Beginning of the Cold War
 Ⅱ. The Arms Race军备竞赛
 Ⅲ. The Containment Policy遏制政策
 Ⅳ. Engagement and Expansion交战和扩张
 Ⅴ. Unilateralism and Faith in Military
Strength单边主义和信俸军事力量
 Ⅵ. Conclusion
 Focal points
 1. the beginning of the Cold War
 2. Arms Race between the United States and
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the Soviet Union
3. the Truman Doctrine杜鲁门主义
4.the containment policy遏制政策
5.the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962
6.the Korean War and relations between the
US and PRC
 7.engagement and expansion交战和扩张
 8.unilateralism单边主义
 9.the Sept.11 terrorist attack
 10.war on Iraq
 11.the Obama administration's foreign
policy
two phases
 The first between 1945 and 1991 and the
second after 1991.
 In the first phase, its basic goal of the policy is
to contain Soviet expansion and to finally
bring about change in Soviet political
system.
 In the second phase, the basic goal is to
maintain American domination in the world
as long as possible and to remake the world
in American image.
Phase 1
Basic goal of its policy is to contain Soviet
expansion and to finally bring about change
in Soviet political system.
 What America was like after WWⅡ
 Unscathed毫发无损and became the strongest
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country in the world.
The sole possessor of atomic bombs.
With over 70% of the gold reserve of the world
in its coffers金库.
Over 50% of industrial production of the world
in its hand.
The planners were visualizing a Pax
Americana美国强权之下的世界和平.
 What the Soviet Union was like after WWⅡ
 Suffered a great losses in the war.
 Over 27 million people were killed in the war.
 Over 31 thousand factories were destroyed.
 Wanted to keep what it had got in the war, a
sphere of influence agreed on by the United
States and British at Yalta.
 By the end of WWII, the US and the Soviet
Union fell apart and the Cold War began.
US vs. Soviet Union
Democracy vs. Communism
Capitalism vs. Socialism
NATO vs. the Warsaw Pact
the Cold War
 the Truman Doctrine
 In 1948 president Truman put
forward the Truman doctrine,
which is generally regarded as the
formal announcement of the
implementation of containment.
 In order to contain communism,
the US fought two was in Asia:
the Korean War and the Vietnam
War.
 The Containment Policy
 The US put into effect the
containment policy in the late
1940s. By containment, the
US meant that it would use
whatever means, including
military force, to prevent the
Soviet Union from breaking
out of its sphere of influence..
 In Europe
 The crisis over Berlin in 1961 and the build of
Berlin Wall.
 In Asia
 the containment policy was directed against the
People’s Republic of China.
 The Korean War and Vietnam war.
 1958-1961, the confrontations between
NATO led by the US and the Warsaw Pact
led by the SU took place in Berlin .
 Berlin Wall—Symbol of the Cold War The
USSR built a wall that divided Berlin in
order to stop East Germans from escaping
to West Germany. This wall became a
symbol of the Cold War.
 Both sides began to rally countries around
them. The founding of the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949 and
the Warsaw Pact in 1955 split the world into
two military blocs with a large number of nonaligned countries in between . Arms race
began.
The American general killing women and children
 The Arms Race
 Atomic Bomb
 Hydrogen Bomb氢弹
 Sputnik人造卫星
 Nuclear Weapon
 Star Wars Project
 1945 - USA drops
2 bombs on Japan
 In 1949, the Soviet Union detonated ['detəneit] 引
爆its
first atomic device.
 The United States had its first test of the
hydrogen bomb in 1952 and the Soviet Union
followed in 1953.
 In 1957, the Soviet Union launched two sputniks
into the orbit showing they had the vehicle to
carry the bombs to the US.
 By the 1980s, the two countries had more
than 50000 nuclear weapons that could kill
the people in the world many times.
1952 – USA develops the hydrogen bomb
 During the 1950s, both stepped up its race
in nuclear armaments and achieved parity
in nuclear force—mutual assured
deterrence.
 From 1982, Ronald Reagan initiated the
Star Wars project, which intended to drag
the SU into bankruptcy.
The Cold War: a ‘balance of
terror’
1959
 A brink of a nuclear war
 The Cuban Missile Crisis in 1959
 Cuban revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro菲德尔·卡
斯特罗
 The Bay of Pigs fiasco[fi'æskəu]惨败
 The Soviet Union’s expansion in the region.
 President Kennedy’s blockade around Cuba.
 Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962)
 1959, Cuban revolutionaries led by Fidel
Castro卡斯特罗had succeeded in overthrowing
the Batista巴蒂斯塔regime and came to power.
 The Eisenhower Administration approved a
CIA plan to train Cuban émigré 流亡者 and use
them to fight against the Cuban revolutionary
forces.
 When Kennedy came into office, the landing of
the CIA-trained émigrés suffered a humiliating
defeat. all of them were either killed or captured.
This became known as the Bay of Pigs fiasco 猪
湾惨败.
 The SU, taking advantage of the situation to
expand its influence in the region, introduced
medium range and intermediate range missiles
into Cuban.
 The US was not aware of this
 until the U-2 spy plane discovered the nearly-
completed launching pads. President Kennedy
decided to place a blockade around Cuba to
prevent further shipment of weapons and
demand the total removal of missiles in place
in Cuba.
 strategy of contraction／The
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Nixon Doctrine战略性撤退战略
No longer planed to fight a
ground war in Asia.
A trip to China in 1972.
Strategic Arms Limitation
Talks Agreements in 1972.
Ceasefire agreement with
North Vietnam in 1973.
Strategy of contraction
 The Nixon Doctrine made clear that the US
no longer planned to fight a ground war in
Asia but would provide nuclear protection
to its allies in the region and give military
and economic support to countries fighting
against domestic communism.
 President Nixon visited China in 1972. The
US and China normalized diplomatic
relations in 1979.
 The strategic basis for the two countries to
come together was the struggle against
Soviet expansionism. This basis lasted until
1980s and early 1990s.
Detaching China (1972)
 Mutual fear of Russia: “My
enemies’ enemy is my friend”
 The US weakened by the Vietnam
war
 Mao weakened by the revolt of
Lin Biao and afraid of Russian
attack
Ping-pong diplomacy
Gang of Two?
Nixon and Madame Mao
Capitalist rodeo?
 罗纳德·威尔逊·里根(Ronald Wilson
Reagan)于1911年2月6日生于美国伊利
诺伊州坦皮科城。美国政治家，曾担任
第33任加利福尼亚州州长，第40任（第
49-50届）美国总统（1981-1989年）。
他也是一名伟大的演讲家。在踏入政坛
前，里根也担任过运动广播员、救生人、
报社专栏作家、电影演员、电视节目演
员、励志讲师，并且是美国影视演员协
会（Screen Actors Guild）的领导人。
他的演说风格高明而极具说服力，被媒
体誉为“伟大的沟通者”（The Great
Communicator）。历任总统之中，他
就职年龄最大。他是历任总统中唯一一
位演员出身的总统。
•In a famed address,
United States
President Ronald
Reagan challenges
Mikhail Gorbachev to
tear down the Berlin
Wall, 12 June 1987.
 In 1989, the Berlin Wall fell.
 In 1991, the Soviet Union
disintegrated, the color of the
Eastern European countries
changed.
 US won in the Desert Storm in
Iraq.
Soviet collapse
 Reagan: ‘victory through strength’ (the
NATO
members
USSR lacked money to keep up with the
USA)
 Western victory: ‘The End of History’
(Fukuyama)
1980-89: Afghanistan
(The Soviet’s Vietnam)
1980: ‘Solidarity’, Poland’s
first independent trade union
1989: Fall of the Berlin Wall
1991: Soviet Collapse
PhaseⅡ
the basic goal is to maintain American
domination in the world as long as possible
and to remake the world in American
image.
 In the late1980s and early 1990s the world
witnessed the most remarkable changes
since the WWII. The fall of the Berlin Wall
in 1989, the change of the color of the
Eastern European countries and the
disintegration of the US at the end of 1991
radically changed the balance of power in
the world.
 The removal of its chief rival on the
international arena, the triumph in the
Desert Storm in 1991 made the US the only
super power of the world. American
strategic planners again brought up the idea
of a Pax Americana.
 The goal of the United States global strategy
 In order to maintain American leadership
in the world, the United States will not
allow any world power or regional power to
emerge to challenge American global
leadership or leadership in regions vital to
American national interests.
Engagement and Expansion
 威廉·杰斐逊·克林顿，美国律师、
政治家，美国民主党成员，曾任阿
肯色州州长、全美州长联席会议主
席、联合国海地事务特使、克林顿
基金会主席、第42任，52届美国总
统。克林顿是美国第一位出生于第
二次世界大战之后的总统、第三位
遭受国会弹劾动议的总统，也是仅
次于西奥多·罗斯福和约翰·肯尼迪
之后的最年轻的美国总统，以及富
兰克林·罗斯福之后连任成功的第一
位民主党总统。
 Engagement and
Expansion
 It means the United States
will take a more active
part in world affairs and
more actively promote
market economy and
American style
democracy in the world.
 The goal of the United States global strategy
 In order to maintain American leadership
in the world, the United States will not
allow any world power or regional power to
emerge to challenge American global
leadership or leadership in regions vital to
American national interests.
 The 3 pillars of American foreign policy of
Clinton Administration
 National security
 Economic prosperity
 Promotion of democracy
 Its national strategy was engagement and
expansion, which means the US will take a
more active part in world affairs and will
more actively promote market economy and
American style democracy in the world.
 The 44-day heavy bombing of the former
Yugoslavia in 1999 was a test case of the
new strategy.
1999年5月8日使馆被炸，南斯拉夫，中国
 乔治·沃克·布什（别名“小布什”），
美国第43任总统（第54-55届）。于
1995-2000年间担任第46任的德克萨斯
州州长。布什于2001年担任美国总统，
任内遭遇了2001年的9·11事件，随后于
2001-2003年先后发动阿富汗战争、伊
拉克战争等一系列反恐战争并取得较大
成效，推行了1.3万亿元的减税计划、以
及对于医疗保险和社会福利体制的改革
和社会保守主义的政策。
 布什政府在反恐战争的正当性、关塔那
摩湾事件、虐囚门事件、以及飓风卡特
里娜救灾工作的处置上遭遇到众多批评，
执政民调认可度在911事件之后也有逐
渐下滑的趋势。在美国在线于2005年举
办的票选活动《最伟大的美国人》中，
布什被选为美国最伟大的人物第6位。
Unilateralism and Faith in Military
Strength
The Sept.11 terrorist attack
2. The attack of Afghanistan
3. 3.the Bush Doctrine
4. The Gulf War II.
1.
 Unilateralism and Faith in
Military Strength
 Pursued by George W. Bush
in 2001
 Any international
agreement not in line with
American national interests
will be discarded.
 Reviewed评估policies and international
agreement from the point of view of American
national interests.
 Scrapped[skræp]废弃the Kyoto[ki'əutəu]京都议定书
agreement on environment and the Antiballistic[bə'listik]Missile Treaty signed in 1972 with
the former Soviet Union.
 Such unilateral actions drew strong criticism
from countries all over the world.
 the Sept.11 terrorist attack
 On Sept.11,2001, terrorists hijacked劫持 4
American passenger planes, 2 smashing into the
World Trade Towers, 1 into the Pentagon, and the
4th one smashing into the fields in Pennsylvania.
3000 innocent lives were lost in the terrorist
attacks. Therefore, Anti-terrorism then became
a priority on the agenda of the majority of the
countries all over the world.
 An anti-terrorism coalition.
 Focused on the al-Qaeda基地组织led by Bin Laden
as the culprit主犯of the terrorist attacks.
 In October 2001, the United States launched an
all round attack on Afghanistan and won a
decisive victory in two months’ time.
 In the State of the Union message of 2002,
President Bush surprised the world by naming
Iraq, Iran and North Korea as Axis of Evil.
American unilateralism again became
evident.
 Strategy of Preemption／Bush Doctrine
 when the United States determines that a country
which is repressive and hostile to the united
states has acquired or produced weapons or mass
destruction or has the potential to possess such
weapons, the United States should use force to
remove this threat to US security and should not
wait till the danger becomes imminent or until
the US is attacked.
 In an address delivered
to the West Point
graduates, President
Bush, for the first time,
put forward the
strategy of preemption,
which is formalized in
the National Security
Strategy issued in Sept.
2002.
 By preemption, the US means that when it
determines that a country which is
repressive and hostile to the US has acquired
or produced weapons of mass destruction or
has the potential to possess such weapons,
the US should use force to remove this threat
to US security and should not wait till the
danger becomes imminent or until the Us is
attacked. This is known as Bush Doctrine.
 Although this doctrine has been criticized for
not being in accord with international law and
the UN Charter, the Bush Administration
adheres to the doctrine, putting it to the test in
Gulf War II.
 On March 20, 2003, the US launched large-
scale air attacks on Iraq without UN
authorization.
 Gulf warⅡ ／a test case for the new strategy
 On march 20,2003, the united states launched
large scale air attacks on Iraq without United
nation authorization. After heavy bombing,
American and British ground forces moved in.
Iraq was disarmed and Saddam regime政权was
ended.
 The war has far-reaching effects on international
relations and on the direction in which the world
will develop.
 President Bush asserted that the war was to
disarm Iraq, to end the Saddam regime and
to put in a new and democratic government.
 According to certain analysis, the war on
Iraq is only a battle in a wider and longer
war to change the nature of the governments
in Syria, Iran and Saudi Arabia. In other
words, the Bush Administration wants to
remake the Middle East according to its plan
and its image.
Conclusion
 American foreign policy since the second
world war can be divided into two phases:
 The first between 1945 and 1991
 The basic goal of the foreign policy of the united
states is to contain soviet expansion and to
finally bring about change in soviet political
system.
 The second after 1991
 The basic goal is to maintain American
domination in the world as long as possible and
to remake the world in American image.
 How American foreign policy is made
 Based on the US analysis of the world
situation and on the determination of
American core interests.
 How Americans view their basic national
interests should always be the starting point
in understanding American foreign policy.
Goodbye