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The Trojan, Persian, and Peloponnesian Wars …or how Greece evolved from bickering city-states into a more unified empire. The Trojan War • Who: Early Greeks and the People of Troy • When: 12th or 13th Century BCE • Where: Troy in Western Anatolia • Why: Paris, the Trojan Prince, kidnapped Queen Helen of Sparta. The Trojan War • How: Despite 10 Years of fighting, the Greeks still couldn’t get into the city walls of Troy. The Greeks constructed a horse, and about 30 men hid inside. Then most of the Greeks sailed away. The Trojans pulled the horse into the city and when night came, the Greek soldiers burst out, signaled the ships, and conquered Troy. The Trojan War • Outcome: Troy was destroyed. When the Greeks returned home, the political and social unrest led to the destruction of their large cities. Because of the instability, many of the Greek people turned to piracy and raiding. The Trojan Horse • Video: http://kinooze.com/the-trojan-horse/ Map of Greece and Surrounding Area circa 12th century BCE The Persian Wars • Who: The Persian Empire, ruled by Darius I and Ancient Greece led by Athens & Sparta • When: 490-479 BCE • Where: Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis, and Plataea all in Greece. • Why: Bragging rights for conquering Greece, revenge for Greece’s attack on Sardis, & to stop the Greek backed rebellions on the western edge of the empire The Persian Wars • How: Darius sent an envoy asking the Greeks to surrender. The Greeks killed the envoy (more forceful way of saying ‘no’. Darius then sent 600 ships and 25,000 men to attack Greece’s neighbors. – 4 Major Battles: Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis, and Plataea. Phalanx The Persian Wars The Persian War • Outcome: The Greeks defeated the Persian army in Ionia, and reclaimed the Ionian States. The Greek city-states formed the Delian Alliance to ward off future Persian attacks. Athens and Sparta both continued to gain power, and a common enemy allowed a Greek identity and culture to emerge. The Peloponnesian War • • • • Who: Athens & Sparta When: 431-404 BCE Where: Throughout GreeceWhy: Athens had grown rich and powerful handling the money for the Delian League. The Athenians ran their city as a democracy, but treated the other Greek city-states as if they were colonies. The Peloponnesian War • How: Thebes ( a Spartan ally) attacked Plataea (an Athenian ally) and this started the war. • Sparta led an army into Attica. The Spartan Army was better, so the Athenians stayed inside the city walls. • A plague swept through Athens killing Pericles, an important leader, and large parts of the army and civilians. • The Spartans couldn’t win Athens, but as Athenian controlled city-states revolted, the Athenians accepted the Spartan offer of peace. The Peloponnesian War (cont.) • The Peace of Nicias lasted from 421-415. • In 415 the Athenians invaded Sicily. • In 413 the Spartans defeated and destroyed both the Athenian Army and Navy. • In 411 Athenian democracy was overthrown but the navy was rebuilt • In 405 the Spartans (aided by the Persians) defeated Athens by starving the city with a blockade. The Peloponnesian War • Outcome: Athens lost it’s political power and no longer controlled other city-states. Despite this, the Athenian cultural life was still flourishing. As Athenian power continued to decline, Greece was conquered by the Macedonian kings Philip II and his son, Alexander the Great.