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Transcript
International court 1945-1946 in Nuremburg, Germany—tried Nazi leaders responsible for these murders in the concentration comps— 22 officials were charged; 12—executed; 7— life imprisonment; 3--acquitted Goering (left) and Hess (right) during their criminal trials at Nuremberg in 1946 United Nations Aug. 1944— Reps. From G.B., S.U., China and U.S… New York-N.A. headquarters Create a body to prevent future global wars; promote equal rights and selfdetermination of peoples Human Rights.wmv Purpose: to determine the fate of peace in Europe To divide Germany and its capital into 4 occupation zones US, GB, and France unified zones create West Germany and West Berlin (democratic) SU’s zones became E Germany and E Berlin (communist) Division of Germany—and Division of Berlin Began feelings of mistrust Divided Europe btwn democracy and communism Created Stalin’s desire for a buffer zone Germany divided into: East Germany Dominated by Soviet Union Didn’t adopt democratic ideals West Germany Resumed self govt after a few yrs of Amer., Br, & Fr. Occupation Became democratic Emerged with economic power Berlin Airlift Berlin Airlift and formation of Nato.wmv Soviets held East Berlin hostage USA & Britain flew supplies over Berlin Stalin lifted blockade May 1949 Berlin Wall1961 Berlin Wall.wmv Divided Berlin into East & West Democratic & Communist http://www.cnn.c om/interactive/sp ecials/9904/nato.t imeline/content/0 7.berlin.wall.jpg Countries behind Iron Curtain are shaded red. Winston Churchill “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe.” Europe Marshall PlanMassive American financial aid Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan.wmv Lay in ruins (USA) provided lots of $$$$ to rebuild Europe & prevent the spread of communism Containment: a policy for preventing the expansion of communism After WWII—U.S. policy=containment Development of alliances against Soviet and Chinese aggression Led to armed conflict in Korea and Vietnam U.S. tried to contain or restrict communism to those countries of the world where it already existed Truman Doctrine Promise that the U.S. would defend free peoples Policy of Containment. wmv “containment of communism” Keep communism from spreading “Domino Theory” Deterrence Détente the 1970’s—relaxation act of deterring, especially deterring a nuclear attack by the capacity or threat of retaliating. in international affairs during the Cold War SALT—Strategic Arms Limitation Talks—agreed to limit number of stockpiled weapons North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)— North American headquarters in Norfolk! Defensive alliance among the USA & western Europe to prevent Soviet expansion Warsaw Pact Soviet allies in eastern Europe form this as a response to NATO 1950s Fidel Castro: communist revolution Cubans fled to Florida to escape communist rule Pres. Eisenhower encouraged the CIA to train exiles & attempt to overthrow Castro (Bay of Pigs Invasion) Bay of Pigs.wmv President Kennedy approved the Bay of Pigs invasion…. It was a complete disaster—within two days Castro’s army had captured or killed most of the American supported invaders “massive retaliation” Under Pres. Eisenhower S.U. matched the USA in nuclear weaponry Purpose was to prevent a nuclear strike by the Soviets Japan Occupied by American forces under MacArthur’s administration Adopted democratic gov’t with economic growth (dominate Asia’s economy) Resumed self govt & became a strong ally of the USA Elimination of Japanese offensive military capabilities China Division of China into two nations at the end of the Chinese civil war 1949 Chiang Kai-shek— Nationalist China (island of Taiwan) Mao-Tse-tung— Communist China (mainland China)— participates in Korean conflict China taken over by communists increases Amer. Fears of communism China & the Soviet Union become bitter rivals—Nixon exploits this! Pres. Nixon visits communist China Lasted from the end of WWII until 1989 USA: democratic, free market economy Soviet Union: totalitarian govt, communist economy 1950s; example of containment policy Communist North Korea invaded South Korea USA counterattacked North Korea Start of Korean War.wmv Communist Chinese forces helped North Korea Ended in a stalemate South Korea free from communism 38th Parallel MacArthur dismissed and Korean Armistice.wmv Example of containment policy North Vietnam (communist) tried to take over South Vietnam (17th Parallel) Ho Chi Minh--Leader USA helped South Vietnam resist! Today—Vietnam reunited communist country Vietnam War.wmv Pres. John F. Kennedy began sending us over Kennedy assassinated 1963 Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson intensified our buildup USA repeatedly defeated North Vietnamese but couldn’t force an end to the war! USA was VERY divided over our involvement Richard Nixon elected as Pres. w/ pledge to end war! “Vietnamization” replacing Amer. Troops w/ South Vietnamese troops Failed; S.U. supplied North Viet detente under Nixon.wmv 1975 North & South Vietnam Communist! Troops faced hostility when they came home! Nixon forced to resign as Pres. Nixon trying to wire tape Dem. Party Headquarters to win 1972 election Caught trying to cover it up! S.U. stationed missiles in Cuba (Cuban Missile Crisis) Kennedy ordered SU to remove them They did! (We had missiles in Turkey directed at them) Cuban Missile Crisis.wmv Americans feared Communism & the threat of a nuclear war Schools & drills to train children Bomb shelters in basements Public Service Announcement Alger Hiss & Julius & Ethel Rosenberg convicted of being Soviet spies (executed) SU constructing nuclear weapons Both of these increased Amer. Fears of communism! “pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty.” “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country” Kennedy's Speech WWII veteran assassinated in Dallas, TX 1963 Shook the nation’s confidence Spending tons of $$$ to keep up w/ USA Nationalism in Satellite Nations Fast-Paced reforms Economic inefficiency Reagan and Star Wars.wmv Gorbachev “glasnost” & “perestroika”: openness & economic restructuring Challenged moral legitimacy of SU Berlin Wall Speech: “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall” Increased US military & economic pressure on SU End of Cold War.wmv Created a unique government in Yugoslavia, which included socialism Led to the breakup of the Yugoslavian federation. He ordered a program of ethnic cleansing. Who was he trying to get “rid” of? Muslims The systematic and purposeful destruction of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group 1915-1916: Leaders of the Ottoman Empire led a genocide against the Armenian Christians 1932-1934: Joseph Stalin led a genocide against political opponents, peasants, members of the elite and people of Ukraine 1975: The educated, artists, technicians, former government officials, monks, and minorities were slaughtered in Cambodia Tutsis and Hutus are two ethnic groups living in the African nation of Rwanda and Burundi. In 1994, the Hutu-led government decided to use the military against the Tutsi opposition. Between April and July 1994, as many as 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus fled the country as refugees, fearing revenge by the Tutsis. http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/germany/194548.gi f http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/marshall/images/p4647.jpg http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/31/32716 /figures/DIVI594.jpg http://history.acusd.edu/gen/USPics2/16569.jpg http://www.wwnorton.com/worlds/images/map11_3.jpg http://www.shsu.edu/~his_sub/koreamap.gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1d /Lyndonjohnson.jpg http://www.geoffmetcalf.com/pentagon/ images/6.jpg