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 International
court 1945-1946 in Nuremburg,
Germany—tried Nazi leaders responsible for
these murders in the concentration comps—
22 officials were charged; 12—executed; 7—
life imprisonment; 3--acquitted
 Goering
(left) and
Hess (right) during
their criminal trials
at Nuremberg in
1946
United Nations
Aug. 1944—
Reps. From
G.B., S.U.,
China and
U.S… New
York-N.A.
headquarters
Create
a body
to prevent
future global
wars; promote
equal rights
and selfdetermination
of peoples
Human
Rights.wmv
 Purpose:
to determine the fate of peace in
Europe
 To divide Germany and its capital into 4
occupation zones


US, GB, and France unified zones create West
Germany and West Berlin (democratic)
SU’s zones became E Germany and E Berlin
(communist)
 Division
of
Germany—and
Division of Berlin
 Began
feelings of mistrust
 Divided Europe btwn democracy and
communism
 Created Stalin’s desire for a buffer zone
Germany
divided into:
East Germany
Dominated
by
Soviet Union
Didn’t adopt
democratic
ideals
West Germany
Resumed
self
govt after a few
yrs of Amer., Br,
& Fr.
Occupation
Became
democratic
Emerged with
economic
power
Berlin Airlift
Berlin Airlift
and
formation of
Nato.wmv
Soviets
held
East Berlin
hostage
USA & Britain
flew supplies
over Berlin
Stalin lifted
blockade May
1949
Berlin Wall1961
Berlin
Wall.wmv
Divided
Berlin
into East &
West
Democratic &
Communist
 http://www.cnn.c
om/interactive/sp
ecials/9904/nato.t
imeline/content/0
7.berlin.wall.jpg
 Countries
behind Iron Curtain
are shaded red.
 Winston Churchill
 “From Stettin in the Baltic to
Trieste in the Adriatic an iron
curtain has descended across
the Continent. Behind that
line lie all the capitals of the
ancient states of Central and
Eastern Europe.”
Europe
Marshall PlanMassive
American
financial aid
Truman
Doctrine and
Marshall
Plan.wmv
Lay
in ruins
(USA)
provided lots
of $$$$ to rebuild
Europe & prevent
the spread of
communism
 Containment:
a policy for preventing the
expansion of communism
 After WWII—U.S. policy=containment
 Development of alliances against Soviet and
Chinese aggression
 Led to armed conflict in Korea and Vietnam
 U.S. tried to contain or restrict communism
to those countries of the world where it
already existed
Truman
Doctrine
Promise that
the U.S.
would defend
free peoples
Policy of
Containment.
wmv
“containment
of communism”
Keep
communism
from spreading
“Domino
Theory”
 Deterrence
 Détente
 the
 1970’s—relaxation
act of
deterring,
especially
deterring a
nuclear attack by
the capacity or
threat of
retaliating.
in international
affairs during the
Cold War
 SALT—Strategic
Arms Limitation
Talks—agreed to
limit number of
stockpiled
weapons
North Atlantic
Treaty
Organization
(NATO)—
North
American
headquarters
in Norfolk!
Defensive
alliance among
the USA &
western
Europe to
prevent Soviet
expansion
Warsaw Pact
Soviet
allies in
eastern
Europe form
this as a
response to
NATO
1950s
Fidel Castro:
communist revolution
Cubans fled to Florida to
escape communist rule
Pres. Eisenhower encouraged
the CIA to train exiles &
attempt to overthrow Castro
(Bay of Pigs Invasion)
Bay of Pigs.wmv
 President
Kennedy approved the Bay of Pigs
invasion….
 It was a complete disaster—within two days
Castro’s army had captured or killed most of
the American supported invaders
“massive
retaliation”
Under
Pres.
Eisenhower
S.U. matched the
USA in nuclear
weaponry
Purpose was to
prevent a nuclear
strike by the
Soviets
Japan
Occupied
by American forces under
MacArthur’s administration
Adopted democratic gov’t with
economic growth (dominate Asia’s
economy)
Resumed self govt & became a
strong ally of the USA
Elimination of Japanese offensive
military capabilities

China
Division of China into
two nations at the
end of the Chinese
civil war 1949
 Chiang Kai-shek—
Nationalist China
(island of Taiwan)
 Mao-Tse-tung—
Communist China
(mainland China)—
participates in Korean
conflict

China
taken over by
communists increases Amer.
Fears of communism
China & the Soviet Union
become bitter rivals—Nixon
exploits this!
Pres. Nixon visits communist
China
Lasted
from the end of WWII
until 1989
USA: democratic, free market
economy
Soviet Union: totalitarian govt,
communist economy
1950s;
example of
containment policy
Communist North Korea
invaded South Korea
USA counterattacked North
Korea
Start of Korean War.wmv
Communist
Chinese forces
helped North Korea
Ended in a stalemate
South Korea free from
communism
38th Parallel
MacArthur dismissed and
Korean Armistice.wmv
Example
of containment policy
North Vietnam (communist) tried
to take over South Vietnam (17th
Parallel)
Ho Chi Minh--Leader
USA helped South Vietnam resist!
Today—Vietnam reunited
communist country
Vietnam War.wmv
Pres.
John F. Kennedy
began sending us over
Kennedy assassinated 1963
Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson
intensified our buildup
USA
repeatedly defeated
North Vietnamese but
couldn’t force an end to the
war!
USA was VERY divided over
our involvement
Richard
Nixon elected as
Pres. w/ pledge to end war!
“Vietnamization” replacing
Amer. Troops w/ South
Vietnamese troops
Failed; S.U. supplied North
Viet
detente under Nixon.wmv
1975
North & South
Vietnam Communist!
Troops faced hostility when
they came home!
Nixon
forced to resign as
Pres.
Nixon trying to wire tape
Dem. Party Headquarters to
win 1972 election
Caught trying to cover it
up!
S.U.
stationed missiles in
Cuba (Cuban Missile Crisis)
Kennedy ordered SU to
remove them
They did!
(We had missiles in Turkey
directed at them)
Cuban Missile Crisis.wmv
Americans
feared
Communism & the threat of
a nuclear war
Schools & drills to train
children
Bomb shelters in basements

Public Service Announcement
Alger
Hiss & Julius & Ethel
Rosenberg convicted of
being Soviet spies
(executed)
SU constructing nuclear
weapons
Both of these increased
Amer. Fears of communism!
 “pay
any price, bear any burden, meet any
hardship, support any friend, oppose any
foe, in order to assure the survival and the
success of liberty.”
 “Ask not what your country can do for you;
ask what you can do for your country”
 Kennedy's Speech
WWII
veteran assassinated
in Dallas, TX 1963
Shook the nation’s
confidence
Spending
tons of $$$ to
keep up w/ USA
Nationalism in Satellite
Nations
Fast-Paced reforms
Economic inefficiency
 Reagan
and Star Wars.wmv
Gorbachev
“glasnost” &
“perestroika”: openness &
economic restructuring
Challenged
moral legitimacy
of SU
Berlin Wall Speech: “Mr.
Gorbachev, tear down this
wall”
Increased US military &
economic pressure on SU
End of Cold War.wmv
 Created
a unique
government in
Yugoslavia, which
included socialism
 Led
to the breakup
of the Yugoslavian
federation. He
ordered a program
of ethnic
cleansing. Who
was he trying to
get “rid” of?
Muslims
 The
systematic and purposeful destruction of
a racial, political, religious, or cultural group
 1915-1916:
Leaders of the Ottoman Empire led
a genocide against the Armenian Christians
 1932-1934:
Joseph Stalin led
a genocide
against political
opponents,
peasants,
members of the
elite and people
of Ukraine
 1975:
The
educated, artists,
technicians, former
government
officials, monks,
and minorities were
slaughtered in
Cambodia
 Tutsis
and Hutus are two ethnic groups living
in the African nation of Rwanda and Burundi.
In 1994, the Hutu-led government decided to
use the military against the Tutsi opposition.
Between April and July 1994, as many as
800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus fled the
country as refugees, fearing revenge by the
Tutsis.
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http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/germany/194548.gi
f
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/marshall/images/p4647.jpg
http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/31/32716
/figures/DIVI594.jpg
http://history.acusd.edu/gen/USPics2/16569.jpg
http://www.wwnorton.com/worlds/images/map11_3.jpg
http://www.shsu.edu/~his_sub/koreamap.gif
 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1d
/Lyndonjohnson.jpg
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 http://www.geoffmetcalf.com/pentagon/
images/6.jpg