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The Jeffersonian Era , 1800–1816 Agenda of Powerpoint • Based on Newman Chapter 7 • Focus: Louisiana Purchase/ War of 1812 • What is added…. – “Revolution of 1800” – Haitian Revolution • What is not included…. – “John Marshall and the Supreme Court” (next ppt) – Aarron Burr & Duel with Hamilton p205 1800 Jefferson wins… barely (pg224-226) – Jefferson’s victory was dampened by an unexpected Democratic- Republican deadlock: • Jefferson, the presidential candidate, and Burr, the vice-presidential candidate, received the same number of electoral votes for the presidency • Under the Constitution the tie could be broken only by the House of Representatives • Tie broken by Hamilton who saw Jefferson as lesser of two evils • Controversy causes 12th Amendment: Changes Electoral College procedure to elect a specific candidate for both the president and vice president (rather than top 2nd highest vote becoming VP) The Jeffersonian “Revolution of 1800” – It was no revolution in the sense of the word – What was “revolutionary” was the peaceful and orderly transfer of power despite the acrimony • This was a remarkable achievement for a raw young nation – Jefferson’s mission: • to restore the republican experience • To check the growth of government power • To halt the decay of virtue – “We are all Federalists…. We are all Democratic Republicans.” Jefferson as 1st Democratic President – Remakes the presidency as the “common man” • Contrasted to the elegant atmosphere of Federalist Philadelphia, the former temporary capital • He spurned a horse-drawn coach and strode by foot to the Capitol from his boardinghouse • He extended democratic principles to etiquette – Established the rule of pell-mell at official dinners—that is, seating without regard to rank. • He was shockingly unconventional in receiving guests • He started the precedent of sending messages to Congress to be read by a clerk Jefferson as 1st Democratic President • At the outset Jefferson was determined to undo the Federalist abuses: – The hated Alien and Sedition Acts had expired – Pardoned the “martyrs” who were serving sentences under the Sedition Act • and the government remitted many fines – Jeffersonians enacted the new naturalization law of 1802: – It reduced the requirement of 14 years of residence back to the requirement of 5 years. HOWEVER .. Jefferson faces realities office – He cherished his image as the scholarly, scientific private citizen, who philosophized in his study faced the harsh realities of office – International affairs called on him to take actions more aligned with the Federalists and more “loose” construction of the Constitution – The open-minded Virginian was therefore consistently inconsistent; it is easy to quote one Jefferson to refute the other. Louisiana Purchase: (pg 234-237) • European War backdrop… • Napoleon Bonaparte induced the king of Spain to cede to France the immense trans-Mississippi region of Louisiana, including New Orleans area • The Spaniards at New Orleans withdrew the right to deposit guaranteed America by Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795 (see p. 193) • This cause great concern in the American west believing this was first step towards a French takeover of area west of the Mississippi River. • Hoping to quiet the clamor of the West, Jefferson in 1803 sent James Monroe to Paris to join with Robert R. Livingstone, the regular minister there Louisiana Purchase – They were instructed to buy New Orleans and as much land as possible for $10 million – Napoleon suddenly decided to sell all Louisiana and abandon his dream of a New World empire – He failed in his efforts to reconquer the sugar-rich island of Santo Domingo (Haiti) Rebellious enslaved Africans – This soured Napoleon’s view on expanding his Empire in the Americas – To French it was the Louisiana garage sale – Uses $ from sale to fight his European War p212 Jefferson’s Constitutional Dilemma • US reps sign treaties on April 30, 1803, ceding Louisiana to the United States for about $15 million (WITHOUT APPROVAL) – BUT this and additional treaties opened up an immeasurable tract entirely to the west— doubling the size of the United States. – This forces Jefferson to go against his constitutional principles of “strict construction” – Jefferson submitted the treaties to the Senate, while admitting privately to his aides that he believed the purchase was in fact unconstitutional. Practical benefits vastly outweigh Jefferson’s philosophical concerns • America secured the western half of the richest river valley in the world • And laid the foundation of a future major power • The transfer established valuable precedents for future expansion on the basis of equal membership • This was imperialism with a new and democratic face • It also contributed to making operational the isolationist principles of Washington’s Farewell Address. Map 11-3 p215 Louisiana in the Long View • The Lewis and Clark’s Corps of Discovery: • 1804 Jefferson sent his personal secretary, Meriwether Lewis, and army officer William Clark to explore the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase • The exploration took 2 ½ years and yielded a rich harvest of scientific observation, maps, knowledge of the Indians in the region, and hair-raising wilderness adventure stories • The explorers demonstrated the viability of an overland trail to the Pacific Jefferson as a Reluctant “Commander and Chief” (pg. 233-34) • First action of Jefferson was to reduce the military establishment: • A mere police force of 25,000 officers and men • War across the Atlantic was not part of Jefferson’s vision of a separate agrarians society. • BUT the REALITY was Pirates of the North African Barbary States (see Map 11.2) made a national industry of blackmailing and plundering merchant ships that ventured into the Mediterranean. Jefferson as a Reluctant “Commander and Chief” • The showdown came in 1801-1805, the Tripolitan War: • He sent the infant army to the “shores of Tripoli” • Four years of intermittent fighting • He succeeded in extorting a treaty of peace from Tripoli in 1805; bargain price of $60,000—a sum representing ransom payment for captured Americans • He advocated a large number of little coastal craft • Also 200 tiny gunboats were constructed p219 Meanwhile in Europe….(pg. 238-240) • After selling Louisiana, Napoleon deliberately provoked a renewal of his war with Britain • This war would continue an awesome conflict that raged on for eleven long years. • The first two years of war a maritime United States enjoyed great success in supplying commercial trade with both sides • This would not last for long A Precarious Neutrality (pg238-240) • 1806 London issued a series of Orders in Council closing European ports under French control to foreign shipping, including American, unless the vessels stopped at a British port • Napoleon struck back, ordering the seizure of all merchant ships, including American, that entered British ports • American vessels caught in the middle A Precarious Neutrality • Impressment— – the forcible enlistment of sailors: – Crude form of conscription by the British – Had been employed for centuries – Some 6,000 bona fide U.S. citizens were impressed by the “piratical man-stealers” of Britain from 1808 to 1811 – Much more significant than in 1794 war A Precarious Neutrality • The Chesapeake affair: • A royal frigate overhauled a U.S. frigate, the Chesapeake, ten miles of the coast of Virginia • The British captain bluntly demanded the surrender of four alleged deserters • The American commander, though totally unprepared to fight, refused the request • The British warship fired three devastating broadsides at close range: 3 Americans were killed and 18 wounded • Four deserters were dragged away, • Britain was clearly in the wrong, as the London Foreign Office admitted • But London’s contrition availed little The Embargo Act of 1807 (pg. 240 to 242) • “National honor would not permit a slavish submission to British and French mistreatment.” • The warring European nations depended heavily on United States for raw materials and foodstuffs • Jefferson thought that if America voluntarily cut off its exports, the offending powers would have to bow • Congress issued the Embargo Act late in 1807: The law forbade the export of all goods from the United States, whether in American or foreign ships • This embargo embodied Jefferson’s idea of “peaceful coercions” The Hated Embargo Act of 1807 – Why the embargo act failed after 15 months: • Jefferson underestimated the determination of the British. • He overestimated the dependence of both belligerents on America’s trade. • He miscalculated the unpopularity of such a selfcrucifying weapon and the difficulty of enforcing it. – An enormous illicit trade mushroomed in 1808, especially along the Canadian border – The embargo had the effect of reviving the moribund Federalist party • The Embargo Act was repealed and the NonIntercourse Act formally opened trade with all nations, except Britain and France A silver lining of the Embargo Act: • The resourceful Yankees reopened old factories and erected new ones: • The real foundations of modern America’s industrial might were laid behind the protective wall of the embargo • Followed by nonintercourse and the War of 1812 • Jefferson, the avowed critic of factories, may have unwittingly done more for American manufacturing than Alexander Hamilton, industry’s outspoken friend. Madison’s Gamble over Macon’s Bill #2 • Madison took the presidential oath on March 4, 1809 as Non-Intercourse acts go into place : • Macon’s Bill No. 2: • A dangle—if either Britain or France repealed its commercial restrictions, America would restore its embargo against the nonrepealing nations • Napoleon’s issue a vague decree that he would stop seizing US ships if Britain also lifted it Orders in Council • Madison gambles and repeals French Non-intercourse Act • Napoleon has no interest in actually stopping • Incident shows American weakness Arrival of the War Hawks • Twelfth Congress met late 1811 – The older “submission men” had been replaced with young hotheads, many from the South and West: • Dubbed war hawks by their Federalist opponents, the newcomers were on fire for a new war • They also wanted to wipe out the renewed Indian threat for pioneer settlers coming into the transAllegheny wilderness Tecumseh and the Prophet • Two Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa, known to non-Indians as “the Prophet,” concluded the time had come to stem this onrushing tide • They began to weld together a confederacy of all the tribes west of the Mississippi • Frontiersmen and their war-hawk spokesmen became convinced that the British “scalp buyers” in Canada were nourishing the Indians’ growing strength • In the fall of 1811, William Henry Harrison gathered an army and advanced on Tecumseh’s headquarters. • The Battle of Tippecanoe made Harrison a national hero War of 1812 • War Hawks Win Call for War – The only way to gain respect was to declare war – Success against Indians gain western vote for war; NE wants war to end impressment – By no means a clear call for war …. The War of 1812: – Was a small war, involving 6000 Americans killed or wounded – If the American conflict was globally unimportant, it had huge consequences for the United States: • Other nations developed a new respect for America’s fighting prowess War of 1812 – Attack on Canada ill-conceived and poorly carried out • Highly reliant on militias which were poorly trained • Americas’ offensive strategy was poorly conceived • The trio of invading forces that set out for Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain were all beaten back after crossing the Canadian border. – Americans had unexpected success on the water: • Navy was virtually non-existence compared to most powerful navy in the world • But the few American ships better than British ships • The American frigates, notably the Constitution • For most of war British navy heavily engaged with France p225 Washington Burned • Success in Europe leds to a second British force of 4000 landed in the Chesapeake Bay area in August 1814: – Onward to Washington some 6000 militiamen were dispersed at Bladensburg – They set on fire public buildings, the Capitol and the White House – While the White House burned – British abandoned Washington after freak hurricane hits The Defense of Baltimore • British fleet attacks Baltimore • Francis Scott Key, a detained American, was inspired to write “The Star-Spangled Banner” • A third British blow of 1814, aimed at New Orleans, menaced the entire Mississippi Valley: • Andrew Jackson, fresh from victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, was placed in command (see Map 12.5 on p. 241) • His forces were about 7000 various soldiers New Orleans Defended • The 8000 British soldiers blundered badly: – They mistakenly launched a frontal assault on January 8, 1815 • The attackers suffered the most devastating defeat of the entire war • Losing over 2000, killed and wounded in ½ hour • It was an astonishing victory for Jackson and his men. • News of the American victory in the Battle of New Orleans was great encouragement. • Makes Andrew Jackson war hero. IV. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention • Some New England extremists proposed secession from the Union: – Or at least a separate peace with Britain – Hartford Convention: • The states of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island dispatched full delegations • New Hampshire and Vermont sent partial representatives • 26 men met in secrecy for 3 weeks—Dec. 15, 1814 to Jan. 5, 1815—to discuss their grievances. IV. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention (cont.) • The Hartford Convention was not radical: – The convention’s final report was moderate • It demanded financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade • And proposed constitutional amendments requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted, or war declared • Most demands reflected Federalist fears • Delegates sought to abolish the 3/5 clause • To limit presidents to a single term IV. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention (cont.) • To prohibit the election of two successive presidents from the same state– this was aimed at Virginia and the “Virginia dynasty” – Three special envoys from Massachusetts carried these demands to Washington: • The Harford Convention was the death of the Federalist party • The Federalists were never again to mount a successful presidential campaign (see Map 12.2) p228