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Cold War: The period from 1945-1991 in which the
United States and the Soviet Union were
involved in a long power struggle. This was not
fought on the battlefield, but on economic and
political fronts.
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Post World War II:
Conflicts Around the World
Manhattan Project
• Began
becauseofofthe
fear
of the Nazi’s
Development
A Bomb
investigating into nuclear weapons
• Developed the atomic bomb, deployed in
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• Russians developed their own nuclear
powers
• Now the two leading world powers each
had a devastating weapon, called “hot”
• The threat of the atomic bomb was the new
shadow over the world
Capitalism vs. Communism
Capitalism: An economic
system run by private
industry and businesses,
where competition
determines the cost of
goods and services as
well as the wages of
workers.
Communism: A political
theory based on
collective ownership of
property and means of
production. The
government controls the
economic system and
individual ownership is
not allowed.
Effects of the end of WWII
• Growth of the USSR
(Soviet Union) and the
United States as world
powers
• Partition of Germany
• East Europe falls into
USSR control
• Worry about atomic
warfare
• Potsdam Conference
July 16 – August 2,
1945
– The big three – Stalin,
Churchill and Truman
The Iron Curtain
and Containment
• George Kennan’s ‘X
Article’ (July 1946)
• Containment Policy
•
“From Stettin in the Baltic to
Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron
curtain has descended across
the Continent. Behind that line
lie all the capitals of the ancient
states of Central and Eastern
Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague,
Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade,
Bucharest and Sofia, all these
famous cities and the
populations around them lie in
what I must call the Soviet
sphere, and all are subject in
one form or another, not only to
Soviet influence but to a very
high and, in many cases,
increasing measure of control
from Moscow.”
Truman Doctrine
• On March 12, 1947,
Truman made a speech
to Congress addressing
the threat of the spread
of communism to both
Greece and Turkey.
• He pledged $400 million
in aid to these countries.
• Congress approved and
made provisions for US
troops to help with
postwar reconstruction
in these countries.
Marshall Plan
• George C. Marshall warned officials that
Europe might fall under Communist power
if there was no help to aide recovery.
• $13 billion plan to rebuild Western and
Central Europe
• The plan was approved after a pro-Soviet
Communist government took power in
Czechoslovakia in 1948.
• George C. Marshall won the Noble Peace
Prize in 1953 for his plan.
The Cold War Lineup
NATO – North Atlantic
Treaty Organization
Warsaw Pact Nations –
Iron Curtain Countries
United States
France
Great Britain
Belgium
Netherlands
Norway
Italy
Greece
Turkey
West Germany
Soviet Union
Poland
East Germany
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Czechoslovakia
Hungary
Romania
Bulgaria
Albania
Domino Theory
A Cold War belief that if one country in
Southeast Asia fell to communism, the rest
of Southeast Asia would fall.
Berlin Airlift
• Stalin dismantled East
German industries and
used them to rebuild
Russia
• Berlin, former capital of
Germany is divided into
four zones, although it lies
deep within the East
German zone occupied by
Russia. Other zones
occupied by U.S., Great
Britain, and France
• Stalin blockaded East
Germany and Berlin,
stopping Allied traffic and
supplies.
• Allies airlift supplies to
Berlin
The Korean War
• June 25th, 1950 – July
27th, 1953
• Korea had been split
into North Korea and
South Korea two years
earlier.
• In North Korea, there
was a communist
government. In South
Korea, there was a
democratic
government. Each
wanted to unify Korea
under its own form of
government.
The Korean War II
Nobody really won the war,
and nothing really changed.
There are still disputes
between North Korea and
South Korea even today.
• Ping Pong of forces:
• North Korea and South
Korea fought back an
forth, capturing and losing
Seoul several times.
Finally, when UN Forces
pushed North Koreans
back, the United States
wished for peace talks to
begin.
• For two years, peace talks
were fruitless. Battles
were still fought in the
same area's around the
border. Finally in 1953, the
papers were signed and an
agreement was made.
After Hiroshima, and
particularly after 1949 when
Russian scientists developed
the atomic bomb, politicians
realized that the bomb would
change international politics.
Another ‘hot war’ would kill all
humankind. War would be
M.A.D. (mutually assured
destruction). So America and
Russia stopped short of war.
They didn’t declare war. But
they did everything to oppose
each other short of war.
The H-Bomb
• The development of
the H-bomb created
even higher tensions
• Both the US and the
USSR tested their
nuclear powers on
islands in the Pacific.
• Developed by US in
1952 & USSR in 1953:
world now has two
superpowers
The Problem with Cuba
• Became a communist
country in 1959 under
leadership of Fidel
Castro
• Cuba became an ally
of the Soviet Union
• Bay of Pigs Invasion,
1961: U.S.-trained
Cuban exiles tried
unsuccessfully to
invade Cuba
• Bay of Pigs failed as
the US pulled out too
early from Cuba.
Berlin Wall 1961
• 2 million East Germans
escaped to West Berlin
between 1949-1961; Soviets
frustrated
• Khrushchev threatened
President Kennedy: the US
must recognize sovereignty
of communist East Germany
and remove troops from
West Berlin.
• Instead of going through
with ultimatum, Berlin Wall
was built halting mass
departure of East Germans
to West.; ended future
crises over Berlin
Berlin Wall 1961
Cuban Missile Crisis
• 1962: U.S. demanded
Soviets remove their
newly installed nuclear
missiles from Cuba.
• Crisis became the closest
USSR and US came to
nuclear war
• U.S. placed blockade
(naval quarantine) on any
further missiles into Cuba
• Khrushchev agreed to
remove missiles in return
for U.S. removing its
missiles from Turkey and
vowing not to invade Cuba
in the future.
Vietnam War
• After Japanese
removed after WWII,
French tried to reassert
control of Indochina
• Ho Chi Minh led the
independence
movement in the north
• 1954, defeated French
forces at Dien Bien Phu
• By 1954,Vietnam was
divided into North
(communist) and South
(pro-Western); civil war
resulted
Vietnam War
Like Korea, Vietnam was a
war in which we fought the
USSR, without actually
fighting them nor using our
“hot” weapons.
• Began 1965- President
Johnson orders a
buildup of US military
forces in Vietnam
• Paris Peace Talks ended
US involvement in 1973
• U.S. fought an
unsuccessful war in
Southeast Asia to
prevent communism
from spreading into
South Vietnam
• North Vietnam took over
South Vietnam on April
30, 1975
The Vietnam War
c.1965-1975
Reagan and Gorbachev
“Reagannomics”
“Perestroika”restructuring
“Glasnost”-openess
Fall of the Berlin Wall/
Fall of the USSR
• November 10, 1989
• Holes were made in
the wall, and East
Germans began
streaming into West
Germany
• Symbol of the End
of the Cold War
• Other Communist
controlled
countries broke
free soon after
Berlin Wall