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United States History
The Cold War Conflicts
The Cold War 19451991
Cold War Begins
– A non-military battle of
diplomacy and
propaganda between
the United States and
Soviet Union
– Lasted from 1945-1990
– led to “hot” wars around globe
in Korea, Vietnam
- Many of the smaller wars were
called proxy wars because the
U.S. and U.S.S.R. never fought
face to face
U.S. vs. USSR (Soviet
Union)
U.S.
Capitalism
Private property
Democratic
U.S.S.R
Communism
State owns
Totalitarian
The Ideological Struggle
Soviet &
Eastern Bloc
Nations
[“Iron Curtain”]
GOAL  spread
world-wide
Communism
METHODOLOGIES:
US & the
Western
Democracies
GOAL  “Containment”
of Communism & the
eventual collapse of the
Communist world.
[George Kennan]
 Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
 Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
 Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts
of Third World peoples [Communist govt. &
command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist
economy]  “proxy wars”
 Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]
Yalta
A. Near the end of the war, the Big Three—
Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin—met at
the Soviet city of Yalta to work out control
of the postwar world.
Yalta
B. Agreements:
1. Stalin agreed to support the United
Nations and to join the fight against
Japan after Germany surrendered. In
exchange, Stalin would receive
territories in Asia.
2. Germany and Eastern Europe – the
three leaders agreed to joint control
of Germany until a commission could
settle the issue of war payments.
3. With war still raging in the Pacific,
Roosevelt and Churchill had little
choice but to accept Soviet occupation
of Eastern Europe.
Truman and United Nations
United Nations - Truman, who had
little international experience
when he
assumed the
presidency, stepped forward to
support formation of the United
Nations and to resolve control
of Germany.
• Purpose was to maintain
international peace and security.
Potsdam
• Potsdam - Meeting of Big Three to
tie up loose ends from Yalta
Potsdam
• Agreements:
- Germany and the capital of
Berlin carved into four zones
controlled by France, Great
Britain, the United States, and
the Soviet Union.
- Each occupying nation would
take war payments from its
zone.
The “Iron Curtain”
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the
Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the
Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient
capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.
-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946
FIGHTING COMMUNISM
CONTAINMENT POLICY: The U.S.
would work to stop the spread of
communism (George Keenen).
1. Truman Doctrine
2. Marshall Plan
3. NATO and other alliances
The Truman Doctrine &
Domino Theory
Truman Doctrine: U.S. would aid
countries around the world who
are fighting communism (like
Greece and Turkey).
Domino Theory: If the U.S. doesn’t
fight communism, then
countries will fall to communism
like dominos.
The ‘Truman Doctrine’
• Truman had been horrified at the prewar Allied policy of appeasement and
was determined to stand up to any Soviet
intimidation.
The Truman Doctrine in March 1947
promised that the USA “would support
free peoples who are resisting
subjugation by armed minorities or
by outside pressures”.
• Triggered by British inability to hold the
line in Greece, it was followed by aid to
Greece and Turkey, and also money to
help capitalists to stop communists in
Italy and France.
It signalled the end of “isolationst”
policies.
The Marshall Plan 1948
• Plan to aid Europe—
in ruins
– Prevent countries
from falling to
communists
– Aid American
business
• $17 billion to 16
countries in Europe
(not Soviet Union)
The ‘Marshall Plan’
• The Marshall Plan offered huge sums to
enable the economies of Europe to rebuild
after World War II, and, by generating
prosperity, to reject the appeal of
Communism.
The Soviet Union (USSR) prevented Eastern
European countries from receiving American
money.
NATO vs. WARSAW PACT
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization: defense
alliance among U.S. and
Europe against the
Soviet Union. Still
exists.
Warsaw Pact: Defense
alliance among Soviet
Union and its satellite
governments in Eastern
Europe.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(1949)
 United States
 Luxemburg
 Belgium
 Netherlands
 Britain
 Norway
 Canada
 Portugal
 Denmark
 1952: Greece &
Turkey
 France
 Iceland
 Italy
 1955: West Germany
 1983: Spain
Warsaw Pact (1955)
U. S. S. R.
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Albania
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Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
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Hungary
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Poland
Rumania
Section 2
The Cold War Deepens
Postwar Germany
• Nuremburg Trials for war crimes
• Divided Germany into 4 zones:
– West Germany – U.S., Britain, and
France
– East Germany- Soviets
– Capitol city of Berlin divided into 4
zones (in East Germany)
• Berlin Airlift: In 1948-49, the U.S.
and Europe flew food and
supplies to save West Berlin,
until Soviets reopened roads.
Improve your knowledge
• The Russians took very high casualties to
capture Berlin in May 1945. They spent the
early occupation trying to take over all zones
of the city but were stopped by German
democrats such as Willy Brandt and Konrad
Adenauer. Reluctantly the Russians had to
admit the Americans, French and British to
their respective zones.
Iron Curtain –
A term used by
Winston Churchill
to describe the
separating of
Those communist
lands of East
Europe from the
West.
Berlin
• West Berlin, was an outpost of Western
democracy and economic success deep within
the communist zone – like a capitalist island
within communist East Germany
• The Berlin Blockade was an attempt to
starve West Berlin into submitting [giving up]
to the communists
• The Allied [western powers] airlift signalled the
West’s determination to use all resources to
defend Berlin.
It was felt by both sides that Berlin could act as
the trigger for general war between capitalist
and communist countries
Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)
Post War Japan
• U.S. occupied – under General
MacArthur
– New constitution
– Democracy with Emperor as
figurehead
– Rebuild economy
– Abolished army and navy
• Tokyo trials convicted war criminals
China: Mao’s Revolution: 1949
Who lost China?
Growing Interest in China
People’s Republic of China:
• In the 1940’s, China was embroiled in a civil war.
Nationalists
Led by Chiang Kai-shek
Communists
Led by Mao Zedong
• The U.S. gave the Chiang Kai-shek millions of dollars, but
the communists won the war.
• China
became a
communist
country,
and
Chiang
Kai-shek
and his
forces fled
to Taiwan.
Korean War
[1950-1953]
Korean War 1950-53
A. Korea, which had been brutally ruled by
Japan since 1910, suffered a fate much like
Germany. At the end of the war, it was
divided at the 38th parallel, leaving a
Communist government in the north and a
pro-Western government in the South.
Korean War, 1950-53
• Divided north and south at 38th parallel at
end of WWII.
• In 1950, Communist North Korea invaded
South Korea.
• The U.S. and United Nations, aided the
South; China aided the North Koreans.
• Treaty signed in 1953, keeping dividing
line at 38th parallel (still today).
• 33,000 American soldiers died, 100,000
wounded.
Korean War
[1950-1953]
Kim Il-Sung
Syngman Rhee
“Domino Theory”
MacArthur
at Inch'on
landing
• U.S. General Douglas MacArthur led the U.N. force,
approximately 80% of which were U.S. soldiers.
The Shifting Map of Korea
[1950-1953]
Ending the War:
• U.N. troops regained South Korea by March of 1951.
• Gen. MacArthur wanted to attack China with support of
Chinese nationalists.
• President Truman disagreed with MacArthur about attacking
China.
• Truman fired MacArthur for defying him by publicly
taunting and threatening the Chinese.
• In July of 1953, the Korean War ended
Impact of Korean War
A. The Korea War settled little. Korea remained
divided geographically and politically in
much the same way as before the war.
B. Long-lasting effects on the United States.: It
convinced Americans to back a huge
military buildup and to overlook the fact
that Truman had never sought a formal
declaration of war from Congress—a fact
that greatly enhanced the power of the
presidency.
Section 3
Cold War in the
Atomic Age
Living in Fear
A. Federal Civilian Defense Administration –
Gov’t dept. created to show people they could
survive a nuclear war.
B. Americans learned how to build bomb
shelters, how to keep from panicking, how to
cope with radiation injuries, and more.
C. Truman ordered scientists to develop a deadly
hydrogen bomb, a superbomb to keep up with
the Soviets
The Arms Race:
A “Missile Gap?”
The Soviet Union
exploded its first
A-bomb in 1949.
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Now there were
two nuclear
superpowers!
Nuclear Arms Race
• Hydrogen bomb invented –
both U.S. and Soviets had
them
• 1,000 times more powerful
than atomic bomb—vaporized
an island.
• Dangers of fallout and
radiation
• Many built bomb shelters!!
Eisenhower 1950-58
• A. Eisenhower walked into the presidency at
the height of cold war tensions:
1. China had just fallen
2. the Korean War dragged on
3. the H-bomb heated up the arms race.
New Strategy
New Look
– Program designed by Eisenhower to reduce the
manpower of the army and navy, while
increasing the number of air force personnel.
(Cheaper)
New Look
• To put teeth into the scaled-down military,
Eisenhower and Dulles pledged to meet
aggression with massive retaliation —an
instant nuclear attack (brinkmanship).
• To back up this tough stance, they circled the
Soviet Union and China with American
military bases and allies.
New Look
• Critics dubbed the new foreign policy
brinkmanship—the art of never backing
down from a crisis. It posed two dangers:
(1) It gave the United States only two
choices—either fight a nuclear
battle or do nothing.
(2) It also led the Soviets to develop more
powerful bombs, creating what
•
Churchill called a “balance of terror.”
Geneva Conference
A The radioactive fallout from H-bomb tests led
people worldwide to clamor for a halt in
the arms race.
B. Eisenhower met with Soviet leaders Nikolay
Bulganin and Nikita Khrushchev in
Geneva, Switzerland, to discuss
disarmament. Although the conference
yielded few results, the two powers were
talking again.
Space Race
• Began when Soviets beat the
U.S. into space
– Soviet satellite Sputnik launched in
1957
– Explorer I, the first U.S. satellite,
was launched in 1958.
• The National Defense Act of
1958 approved federal funding
of education in math, science
and foreign languages.
1959 – NASA created! Funding
increased
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• The nuclear bomb gave America a lead
which was expected to last at least 5
years. The rapid Russian development of
nuclear technology, helped by the work of
the “atom spies” was a shock.
Significantly, Russia hurriedly declared
war against Japan at the beginning of
August 1945 and rushed to advance into
Asia to stake out a position for the postwar settlement. This helped make both the
Korean and Vietnamese conflicts more
likely.
Section 4
A New
Battleground
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col. Francis Gary
Powers’ plane was
shot down over Soviet
airspace.
Paris, 1961
Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and
nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that
JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.
The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)
Checkpoint
Charlie
Ich bin ein Berliner!
(1963)
President Kennedy
tells Berliners
that the West is
with them!
Khruschev Embraces Castro,
1961
Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the
Russians, and the other man blinked!
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Vietnam War: 1965-1973
The Cold War Years
Quiz
Who controlled East
Berlin?
A.
B.
C.
D.
United States
Soviet Union
Cuba
Frankenstein
How did America get
supplies to West Berlin?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Mailed them U.P.S.
Sent them in by trains.
Flew them in by planes.
Dropped them from a parachute.
Who invaded South Korea
and tried to take over their
country?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Britain
North Korea
United States
Donald Duck
Who was president during
the Cuban Missile Crisis?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Lyndon B. Johnson
Thomas Jefferson
John F. Kennedy
Ronald Reagan
Where did the Soviet Union
build their missile sites?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Russia
England
United States
Cuba
The Red Scare
• Intense fear of Communists taking
over U.S.
– China became a Communist country
in 1949.
– Soviets developed an atomic bomb
in 1949.
– Rosenbergs convicted of selling
atomic secrets to Soviet Union.
Executed 1953.
How did the United States
avoid nuclear was with the
Soviets?
A. Set up a naval blockade around
Cuba.
B. Threatened to bomb Russia.
C. Told Soviet leaders to take a
hike.
D. Attacked Russia’s military.
What was the arms race?
A. It was the way presidents are
elected.
B. It was the build up of weapons in
order to have the most power for
protection.
C. It was the invention of the
atomic bomb.
D. It was the way many Americans
The Cold War Years
Quiz
Who controlled East
Berlin?
A.
B.
C.
D.
United States
Soviet Union
Cuba
Frankenstein
How did America get
supplies to West Berlin?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Mailed them U.P.S.
Sent them in by trains.
Flew them in by planes.
Dropped them from a parachute.
Who invaded South Korea
and tried to take over their
country?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Britain
North Korea
United States
Donald Duck
Who was president during
the Cuban Missile Crisis?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Lyndon B. Johnson
Thomas Jefferson
John F. Kennedy
Ronald Reagan
Where did the Soviet Union
build their missile sites?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Russia
England
United States
Cuba
How did the United States
avoid nuclear war with the
Soviets?
A. Set up a naval blockade around
Cuba.
B. Threatened to bomb Russia.
C. Told Soviet leaders to take a
hike.
D. Attacked Russia’s military.
What was the arms race?
A. It was the way presidents are
elected.
B. It was the build up of weapons in
order to have the most power for
protection.
C. It was the invention of the
atomic bomb.
D. It was the way many Americans