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United States Foreign
Relations: James
Monroe
Florida and the Seminoles
• Spain’s control in Florida was weak.
• Enslaved African Americans would escape from slave owners and cross
into Florida
• Many would join Seminole tribe (Black Seminoles)
• Seminoles widely known for their attacks on American settlements
• 1817, Andrew Jackson was sent to recapture slaves
• Andrew Jackson would also destroy Seminole villages.
• Jackson went above and beyond his orders.
• Spain realized it could not protect Florida and gave it up in the Adams-Onis
Treaty (1819)
Spanish Colonies Win
Independence
• Spain owned the land in the America’s of any European
nation by 1810.
• Natives of those lands saw the American/French Revolutions as a
way to get away from the rule of Spain.
• 1st Latin American Revolution began in 1810 (Mexico)
Mexico’s revolution
• Beginning in 1810, Miguel Hidalgo secretly
organized an army of Native Americans to help
free Mexican provinces
• 1811, Hidalgo was captured and executed
• 1820, Fighting broke out again. By 1821, Creoles
began to support the reason for war and won
control of Mexico.
• 1823, Mexico created a constitution similar to
the United States.
Independence in South &
Central America
• South & Central America was also under the control of Spain
• Early leaders had a major role in the fight for independence
• Simon Bolivar (Liberator): Led early Venezuelan independence
movements and later became the leader of the Republic of
Greater Colombia (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and
Panama)
Independence in South &
Central America
• Jose de San Martin led Argentina to freedom in 1816, and
then he helped the people of Chile, Peru, and Ecuador win
their independence.
• By 1821, the United Provinces of Central America were formed
(Nicaragua, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala)
• By this time Spain had lost all its colonies in Latin America except
Cuba and Puerto Rico
Independence in South &
Central America
• 1822, Brazil gained their freedom from Portugal.
• By 1825, most of Latin America had gained their
independence from Europe
Monroe Doctrine
• Once the new nations were formed, Pres.
Monroe was concerned European powers would
attempt to help Spain its colonies.
• December 1823, James Monroe made a
statement to Congress (is known as the Monroe
Doctrine)
• The U.S. would not allow any European nations to
create American colonies or interfere with free nations
of Latin America. The U.S. would consider any attempt
to be dangerous to our peace and safety
Relations with Canada
• Following the Revolutionary War, Canada was
very much divided into two parts
• Upper Canada (English)
• Lower Canada (French)
• Great Britain was successful in putting down
Canadian rebellions but realized it must give
Canadians more powers of self-government
• Act of 1841, Canada’s two part merged as one and
was governed by Canadian legislature
• Canada and U.S. had their difference, especially when
the U.S. tried to invade, but slowly tensions have
settled and they both have great relations today