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IMPERIALISM Chapter 17 2 Imperialism – economic and political domination; growing feeling of cultural superiority European countries exerting control over territories where they have invested interest; colonies and protectorates Europeans looking overseas for places to sell products because tariffs reduced trade among industrialized states. Social Darwinism and Imperialism Anglo-Saxonism – English speaking nations have superiority over those that do not speak the language 3 American thoughts/beliefs leading to Imperialism: Monroe Doctrine Manifest Destiny Factors that influenced Imperialism: 1) Economic competition 2) Political/Military competition (Navy) 3) Racial/Cultural superiority Purchase of Alaska (1867) $7.2 million William Seward “Seward’s Folly” Discovery of gold in 1897 4 Military Strength Admiral Alfred Mahan – Influence of Sea Power Upon History Wanted to avoid being shut out of foreign markets Anti-Imperialism in the United States Objections on moral and practical grounds U.S. wasn’t giving Constitutional protections, maintaining military force prohibited economic growth 5 Why Hawaii? – interests in trade with Asia Commodore Matthew Perry sent to Japan to force Japan to trade with U.S. (Japanese impressed and sign trade treaty) U.S. exempted Hawaiian sugar from taxes – part of the trade deal was Pearl Harbor – boom in sugar McKinley Tariff passed a tariff on sugar– cripples Hawaiian economy Queen Lilioukalani and voting rights 6 U.S. organized a rebellion to overthrow Queen (to keep peace) January 1893, U.S.S. Boston appeared in Honolulu Harbor with a force of U.S. Marines Queen taken captive; provisional governor put in place – Sanford Dole Hawaii recognized as a republic, and if they people wanted, it would be annexed into the United States 12 August 1898 – Hawaii becomes U.S. territory 7 8 Pan-Americanism: Conference called in Washington, DC to discuss how the U.S. and Latin American countries could promote peace and trade. Organization of American States: Latin American countries rejected a lot of what was discussed in the Pan-American conference Did agree to develop a collective body (Commercial Bureau of the American Republics) that would promote cooperation among states in western hemisphere 9 1860, Dems. called for Cuba to enter as a slave state American capitalists invested millions in Cuban economy (sugar plantations) Jose’ Marti’ organized Cuban resistance to win independence from Spain (guerilla tactics) Valeriano Weyler sent from Spain to squash the rebellion (put 300,000 Cubans in reconcentration camps) Destroyed thousands of acres including American sugar plantations Known as El Carnicero – “The Butcher” September 1895 – Republic of Cuba established 10 United States was to be neutral in the Cuban war with Spain William Rudolph Heart and Joseph Pulitzer wrote stories about the atrocities against the Cubans by Weyler (sensationalism) Yellow Journalism – exaggerated stories to attract readers 11 By the time McKinley takes office, Americans calling for the U.S. to get involved. Weyler recalled to Spain; Cuba offered limited self-government New York Journal gets a letter written by Enrique De Lome (Spanish Minister to U.S.) Letter calls President McKinley weak. Hearst publicized the De Lome letter under the screaming headline: "WORST INSULT TO THE UNITED STATES IN ITS HISTORY." 12 Ordered to Cuba to protect American lives and property and to evacuate Americans if necessary. 15 January 1898 – ship explodes killing 260 American sailors. Why did the U.S.S. Maine explode? U.S. reversed isolationist policies Congress declared war, but only after adopting the Teller Amendment - the amendment made it clear that the United States did not harbor imperialist ambitions, and it announced that the United States would not acquire Cuba. 13 20 April 1898 – U.S. and Spain go to war Philippines: George Dewey storms Manila Bay and destroys Spanish fleet Spanish lost 381 men to the U.S. 1 On the way, U.S. forces captured Guam (Spanish territory) Cuba: June 1898 – U.S. lands in Cuba Rough Riders – volunteer cavalry unit under Leonard Wood and Teddy Roosevelt Kettle Hill San Juan Hill U.S.S. Oregon – finished off remainder of Spanish fleet Spain surrenders 14 War lasted 16 weeks; 5400 Americans died (only 379 from battle) Treaty of Paris (1898): 10 December 1898 Cuba would become independent Spain would give Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States (territories) U.S. would pay $20 million for annexation of Philippines. Foraker Act (1900) – Puerto Rico would become a territory, but not granted citizenship; “unincorporated territory” 15 Emilio Aguianaldo – believed U.S. promised independence and felt betrayed; declared Philippines independent Guerilla attacks against American forces U.S. forced Philippine people to live in designated zones Those that favored annexing believed islands would provide naval base in Asia, become large market for goods, American duty to teach “less civilized” people how to live Many opposed including Carnegie, Samuel Gompers, Jane Addams, and Mark Twain William Howard Taft provincial governor – introduced reforms that eased tensions 4 July 1946 – Philippines becomes independent republic 16 U.S. appointed military governor of island Limited rights of Puerto Ricans: no alcohol or tobacco, must learn English, limited freedom of press U.S. felt once Puerto Rico could govern themselves, they should be independent Importance of Puerto Rico: Maintain U.S. presence in the Caribbean Protect future Panama Canal Foraker Act (1900) – Puerto Rico would become a territory, but not granted citizenship; “unincorporated territory” 17 Teller Amendment - U.S. has no intention of controlling Cuba Platt Amendment: Cuba could not make treaties that might limit independence or allow for foreign control U.S. could intervene to preserve independence and maintain order Cuba couldn’t go into debt U.S. could buy or lease land for naval stations (Guantanamo Bay) U.S. would not withdraw until Platt Amendment added to Cuban constitution Cuba becomes a protectorate 18 U.S. had no intention of spreading into China; growing global interest in Chinese trade Open Door Policy put into place to protect American interest in trading with China (ensure Chinese ports would stay open for international trade with other nations) Many Chinese angry about potential Western trade “Boxers” – secret society that rose to revolt; killed hundreds of missionaries and converts to Christianity Seized foreign embassies in Beijing U.S. passed resolution that said the U.S. would protect equal and impartial trade with all parts of Chinese Empire 19 Russia, Korea, and Japan Japan and Russia were at odds over Korea 1904 – Japanese attacked Russian Pacific Fleet and then Russian Atlantic Fleet (defeating both); eventually secures Manchuria Treaty of Portsmouth: Russian and Japanese delegates meet with President Roosevelt in New Hampshire Japan would accept half of Sakhalin Island and forego a cash payment they wanted from Russia Russia agreed to let Japan take over Manchuria and Korea Roosevelt’s actions helped him earn the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize Great White Fleet – sailed around the world demonstrating military power (stopped in Japan) 20 21 Hay-Pauncefote Treaty gave the United States to control the canal area in Panama and build the structure Panama under control of Colombia; Panamanian revolt against Colombians – Panama gains independence U.S. signs treaty that guarantees Panama’s independence and U.S. control over canal region. 5,600 died during construction from accidents or disease 22 Monroe Doctrine – U.S. stay involved in Latin American affairs Roosevelt worried about large sums of debt accumulated by Latin American countries “Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick” Enforce the Monroe Doctrine, but if anything happened in region, U.S. would act as a police force Taft and Dollar Diplomacy – justification of keeping European powers out of Latin America