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WWI
Chapter 27
“Civilization has climbed above such perils;
the interdependence of nations in trade and
traffic, the scope of public law, Christian
charity, and common sense has branded such
nightmares impossible…
It would be a pity to be wrong…”
~ Winston Churchill
Setting the Stage: WWI
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Causes WWI
 Militarism
 Alliances
 Imperialism
 Nationalism
The Spark = Assassination
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
June 28, 1914
Gavril Princep and the Blackhand
Set into motion deadly web of alliances
Franz Ferdinand’s Death Set into
Motion a Deadly Web of Alliances
WWI Sides: The Belligerents
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Allied Powers
France
GB
Russia
Italy
United States and
Japan (eventually)
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Central Powers
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria
WWI:
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A TOTAL WAR
Total War = All
resources used for
war
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Propaganda
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Civilian responsibility
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New Industrial
weapons/inventions in
land, air, sea
Weapons by Sea: Dreadnoughts and
U-Boats
Weapons by Air: Airplanes and
Zeppelins
Red Baron
Weapons by Land: Machine Gun
Weapons by Land: Railroad Guns
Trenches
Trench Foot
Weapons by Land: Gas
Burns from Mustard Gas
Animal Messengers and Gas Masks
Weapons by Land: Tanks
Total War made WWI a…
 War
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of Attrition:
A slow wearing-down war in which each side
tried to outlast the other
Theaters of War
Major Battles WWI
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1914
 Battle of Marne:
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W-front
France stops German adv. into Paris
Trench warfare begins
Battle of Tannenberg
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E-front
Huge German Win!
Prob. Germany in 2-front war
Verdun – February, 1916
e
German offensive.
e Each side had 500,000 casualties.
The Somme – July, 1916
e
60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
Major Battles WWI continued…
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1915
 Battle of Gallipoli
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Turkish-front
Allie’s defeated by Ottoman E!
Russia remains landlocked
United States Entry into WWI
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U.S. “neutral” until
April 6th, 1917 / May
28th 1918 our first
victory at Cantigny
(North of Paris)
Events that pushed
U.S. into WWI:
1.
Unrestricted Germ.
submarine warfare
Sinking of Lusitania
Zimmerman Note / O throw of
Russian Czar.

WWI Causalities – 16 mill. Dead
Paris Peace Conference
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Meeting of the Big 4:
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GB: David Lloyd George
France: George Clemenceau
United States: Woodrow
Wilson
Italy: Vittorio Orlando
Who were these men
and what kind of
“peace” did each of
them want?
Areas of Concern
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Blame?
Reparations?
Colonies of Central Powers?
Rhineland?
Alsace-Lorraine?
Saar?
Poland?
Danzig?
Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Estonia?
Czechoslovakia?
OTHER PROBLEMS W/ PARIS
PEACE CONFERENCE…
No Russia or Central powers invited!
Other Problems w/ the Paris Peace
Conference
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Russia and Central Powers not invited
Political Problems
Territorial Conflicts
Reparations
How to maintain peace
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Force
Wilson’s 14 Points
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Freedom of seas, no secret treaties, no economic barriers,
reduce arms, fair land divisions, establish League of
Nations
WWI Causalities
Treaty of Versailles
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Officially ended WWI
1919
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Treated Germany
Harsh
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Formed Independent
Republics
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Formed League of
Nations
Europe Before WWI
Europe After WWI