Download JB APUSH Unit VIIA

The Cold War
and Foreign Policy
(1945-1989)
Unit VIIA
AP U.S. History
Fundamental Questions
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Discuss the United States as a global
superpower from 1945-1989.
Analyze the government response to
American foreign developments.
Analyze how the American public responded
to foreign developments.
Understanding the Cold War
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After WWII, the traditional powers of the world
regressed and the United States and the Soviet
Union arose as the dominant superpowers.
 Both nations were polar opposites in ideologies.
 Soviet Union = communism, police state
 United States = capitalism, democracy
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The relationship began under mistrust and
tensions increased as time moved on.
 Cold War meant a “war of words” rather than
outright conflict
 However, the Cold War includes episodes of “hot”
conflicts in various regions around the world.
United Nations
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General Assembly
 Member nations convened to develop a postwar world
to combat global issues while respecting sovereignty
and peace.
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Security Council
 15-member body to authorize peacekeeping and
promote international security
 Permanent Members
 United
States, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, China
 Resolutions must be unanimous
United Nations
UN Headquarters in New York
Iron Curtain
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German Occupation Zones
 Allies agreed to occupy Germany between U.S., Great
Britain, France, and Soviet Union
 Soviet Union transformed its German Zone into
Democratic Republic of Germany (East Germany) as
communist state
 West German occupation zones became Federal
Republic of Germany as pro-capitalist state
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Eastern Europe
 Soviet Union did not withdraw its troops from occupied
Eastern Europe
 Virtually forced communist regimes on Eastern
European nations
 Winston Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” dividing Europe
between capitalist democracies and communist satellites
of Soviet Union
German Occupation Zones
Europe’s Iron Curtain
BLUE = democratic/capitalist
RED = communist regimes
Containment
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Secretary of State George Marshall developed a policy of containing
communist aggression
Truman Doctrine
 Economic and military aid for nations threatened by communist
aggression
Marshall Plan
 European Recovery Program
 $17 billion to develop, re-develop, and sustain war-ravaged
European nations and prevent communist uprisings
Berlin Airlift (1948-1949)
 U.S. planes dropped humanitarian aid to West Berlin after Soviets
closes off access to the city
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
 Permanent military alliance of U.S., Western Europe to defend each
other
 Warsaw Pact - Soviet Union version of NATO
Berlin Airlift
NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
Arms Race Begins
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National Security Act (1947)
 Expanded and centralized Department of Defense
 National Security Council
 Central Intelligence Agency
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Nuclear weapon development
 U.S. continued to develop its nuclear arsenal
 In 1949, Russians possess nuclear weapon capabilities
 NSC-68
 Significantly
increase DOD spending
 Form more permanent alliances
 Convince the American public to support the policies
Arms Race
Korean Conflict (1950-1953)
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Korean peninsula divided between communist
North and democratic South
North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950
United Nations and Truman sent peacekeeping
troops to police the situation
General Douglas MacArthur launched successful
counterattack but repulsed to 38th parallel by
Chinese support troops
Armistice (1953)
 38th parallel: Communist North and Democratic South
 Truman win/lose
 Containment
worked
 “soft on Communism”
Korean Conflict
Cold War in America
Second Red Scare
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Loyalty Review Board
 Investigate federal employees as spies
Dennis et al v. United States
 Upheld prohibition advocating violent overthrow of government
McCarren Internal Security Act (1950)
 Prohibited support for totalitarianism, restrictions for proCommunists groups, detention camps for subversives
House Un-American Activities Committee
 Investigate Americans for pro-communist beliefs and blacklisting
Alger Hiss
 Suspected spy in the Dept. of State
The Rosenbergs
 Julia and Ethel convicted and executed hastily for espionage
Second Red Scare
McCarthyism and the Second
Red Scare
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Senator Joseph McCarthy (R)
Sensationalized witch hunts
Popularity based on fear of communism
infiltration in all parts of society and
government
Political and public backlash for tactics
Eisenhower and the Cold War
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Domino Theory
Dulles and Brinkmanship
 Develop nuclear arsenal and liberate captive nations
 Covert actions and infiltrations
Regional Cold War Developments
 Vietnam
 Split of Communist North and pro-U.S. South
 Cuba
 Fidel Castro seizes power in 1959 and relations with Soviet Union
Eisenhower Doctrine
 Extension of Truman Doctrine in the Middle East
Soviet Relations
 “Atoms for Peace” (1953)
 Nuclear technology focus on peaceful uses rather than warfare
 Sputnik (1957)
 Surprise launch of Soviet satellite showed technological capability of Soviet Union
 U-2 Incident (1960)
 Soviets shot down a U-2 spy plane over Russia
 Eisenhower denied the event/accusation, but Soviets published photos of the crashed plane
and the captured pilot
 U.S.-Soviet relations deteriorated and the U.S. lost international credibility
“Military-Industrial Complex”
 Massive increase of military and technological developments could lead to U.S. dominated by
military and corporate state
Domino Theory on Communism
Sputnik Launch by Soviets
Fidel Castro Riding Into
Havana triumphant
Eisenhower and the Military
Industrial Complex
U-2 Incident (1960)
Kennedy and the Cold War
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Cuba
 Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)
 Failed CIA-backed invasion to initiate a revolution
 Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
 Soviet missile bases on Cuba
 U.S. naval blockade
 Soviet withdrawal and Turkey withdrawal
 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963)
Berlin Wall
 Soviets constructed wall dividing West and East Berlin
 “Ich bin ein Berliner”
Flexibile response
 Develop conventional military rather than Dulles’s brinkmanship
Military Advisors in Vietnam (1963)
 American troop support for South Vietnam and Diem
Peace Corps
 Volunteer organization for developing nations
Berlin Wall
Cuba and Kennedy
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Soviet Missiles in Cuba
"Ich Bin Ein Berliner"
Johnson and Vietnam
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South Vietnam vs. Ho Chi Minh and Vietcong
Gulf of Tonkin (August 1964)
 Incident - North Vietnamese fired upon U.S. warships
 Resolution - Congress authorized combat troops through Johnson’s urging
Escalation
 Operation Rolling Thunder
 Troops increases from 1964 to 1969
 540,000 at most during Vietnam Conflict
Hawks and Doves
 Hawks - contain communist aggression
 Doves - internal conflict and unpopular draft and results
Tet Offensive (January 1968)
 Vietcong launch surprise attack
 U.S. military victory but political and popular victory for Minh and North
Vietnamese
End of Escalation
 Loss of American public support and rising death toll led Johnson to cease
increased troops
Vietnam and Tragedy
Space Race
Soviet Union’s launch of Sputnik in 1957 and Yuri
Gagarin as first person in space precipitated
American fears of Soviet superiority
 National Aeronautic and Space Administration
(NASA) established in 1958
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 Mercury Program
 Alan
Shepard - first American in space (1961)
 John Glenn - first American to orbit Earth (1962)
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Kennedy’s Race to the Moon - Apollo Program
 Apollo 11 (1969)
 First
men on the moon solidified American superiority in space
technology
“One small step for man. One giant leap for
mankind.” - Neil Armstrong
EPIC WIN
FOR U.S.A
IN SPACE RACE
Nixon and the Cold War
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Henry Kissinger
Vietnam and Nixon Doctrine
 Vietnamization
 Gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops
 Money and supplies to South Vietnam
 Cambodia
 Expanded bombing of Communist bases
 Pentagon Papers
 Published secret documents of deceptive
government tactics on Vietnam
Détente
 Visit to China (1972)
 Virtual recognition of Communist China
 Soviet Union
 SALT I - freeze on ballistic nuclear missiles
War Powers Act (1973)
 Use of military to Congress within 48 hours
 60 days for Congress to reauthorize
OPEC’s Embargo (1973)
 Support of Israel led to oil embargo by OPEC
members
Ford and Carter (1974-1980)
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Foreign Developments Under Ford
 Fall of Saigon (1975)
Foreign Developments Under Carter
 Panama Canal turned over by 2000
 Camp David Accords (1978)
 Peace between Egypt and Israel
 Iran (1979-1980)
 Shah of Iran replaced by Ayatollah Khomeini and
Fundamentalists
 Hostage Situation and Failed Rescue
 Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1979)
 Embargoes and boycotts by Carter
 Ended détente
Americans evacuated from Saigon
Camp David Accords
Ayatollah Khomeini
American hostages in Iran
Reagan and the Cold War
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Rollback
 Forcibly replacing an enemy regime akin to brinkmanship under Dulles/Eisenhower
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Military Buildup
 Strategic Defense Initiative/Star Wars
Central America
 Nicaragua - Contras vs. Sandinistas
 Boland Amendment ended funding Contras (1985)
Grenada
 U.S. invasion to prevent pro-Communist regime
Iran-Contra Affair
 Sold Iran military weapons support
 Profits used to fund Contras
Lebanon
 U.S. marines sent but terrorist acts forced withdrawal
Mikhail Gorbachev
 "Mr. Gorbachev, Tear Down This Wall."
 Perestroika
 Capitalist changes to Soviet economy
 Glasnost
 Openness and free expression
Colonel Oliver North
The man behind the
Iran-Contra Affair
Invasion of Grenada (1983)
Reagan at Brandenberg Gate
Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan
Cold War Ends
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Soviet Union’s transition away from
Communist economy and philosophy
U.S. outspent Soviet Union
Eastern Europe Falls Away
Soviet Republics Break Away
Soviet Union dissolves in 1991
U.S. lone superpower by 1990s